We analyzed the difference-in-difference effects of three
matched pairs of cooperatives in order to capture the net
effects of Fairtrade (comparing FT with non-certified farms),
Utz-certified (comparing Utz/FT-certified farms with only
FT-certified farms) and multi-certification (comparing FT
and Utz-certified farms with non-certified farms). In the following, we discuss the effects of each of these certification
regimes for registered changes in key parameters at farm/
plot, household, cooperative/village and value chain/market
level.