The Chamber of Shipping in London was established in 1878 when more than thirty regional shipowners’ associations came together. The Norwegian Shipowners’ Association was founded in 1909; the Association and its members were to play an important part in the encourage- ment of maritime studies. In the US, the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) was formed in 1912 when nation- wide issues associated with port administra- tion were emerging.2.4 The Period of Transition, 1945–1973The post-war years commenced the third, dramatic period of technological change in shipping and the unprecedented growth of world trade (Lundgren 1996). They also soon witnessed the further growth of insti- tutions related to maritime matters and the much wider application of economics to transport issues. Evidence of these develop- ments is presented before contributions to the maritime literature are reviewed.The increased volume of trade and the increased size of ships ushered in the era of much greater public attention to shipping. Concerns about ship safety led to an international conference in Geneva in 1948 and the formation of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), renamed the Inter- national Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1982. In 1964, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was estab- lished to promote the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. For a number of years, UNCTAD’s Committee on Shipping had a number of well-known economists on staff, including S. G. Sturmey, formerly of the