Hypertension is the risk factor that most significantly
correlates with stroke and plays a role in more than 50% of
episodes of stroke worldwide. High blood pressure can lead
to occlusive stroke, as well as intracerebral or subarachnoid
hemorrhage, and correlates with the risk of first-ever stroke
and recurrent stroke. A summary of the recent clinical trial
data confirms that antihypertensive therapy substantially
reduces the risk of any type of stroke, as well as stroke-related
death and disability.44 Treatment should be individualized and
target blood pressure is ,140/90 mmHg. The risk of stroke
is two to six times higher in diabetic patients; however, diabetes
mellitus is not a common risk factor in young adults.
Glycemic control reduces microvascular complications, but
there is no evidence that improved glycemic control reduces
the incidence of stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus.
In younger diabetics, treatment should be targeted toward
control of blood pressure (,130/80 mmHg) and treatment of
hyperlipidemia, especially in individuals with additional risk
factors. Blood lipid abnormalities are another risk factor that
should be corrected as part of primary prevention in terms
of overall cardiovascular risk. Therapeutic lifestyle changes
should be the first strategy. Treatment with statins is recommended
in patients estimated to have a high 10-year risk for
cardiovascular events.45 Epidemiologic data indicate a strong
relationship between cigarette smoking and ischemic stroke
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, particularly in the young age
group.46,47 Cigarette smoking also has a synergistic effect via
its link with other vascular risk factors, such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, use of oral contraceptives, and physical
inactivity. Stopping smoking mitigates the risk of stroke,
as it does with other conditions such as coronary disease,
peripheral vascular disease, and death from vascular causes. The prevalence of current smoking in developed countries
is decreasing, but in developing countries is still high.
Therefore, smoking cessation programs need to be more
widespread and effective in developing countries. Smoking
cessation programs and changes in legislation to reduce the
opportunities to smoke need to be a priority for policymakers
to save millions of lives and reduce smoking-related
morbidity.48 Two meta-analyses indicate that a diet rich in fruit
and vegetables and with a reduced salt content can reduce the
risk of stroke.49,50 The effect of physical activity and exercise
on health and disease has been the focus of much research
attention. A meta-analysis of 23 studies concluded that there
was strong evidence that moderate and high levels of physical
activity were associated with a reduced risk of total, ischemic,
and hemorrhagic stroke.51 The mechanism by which exercise
decreases stroke risk is likely to be multifactorial and to
include blood pressure, lipid, and weight control.
Hypertension is the risk factor that most significantlycorrelates with stroke and plays a role in more than 50% ofepisodes of stroke worldwide. High blood pressure can leadto occlusive stroke, as well as intracerebral or subarachnoidhemorrhage, and correlates with the risk of first-ever strokeand recurrent stroke. A summary of the recent clinical trialdata confirms that antihypertensive therapy substantiallyreduces the risk of any type of stroke, as well as stroke-relateddeath and disability.44 Treatment should be individualized andtarget blood pressure is ,140/90 mmHg. The risk of strokeis two to six times higher in diabetic patients; however, diabetesmellitus is not a common risk factor in young adults.Glycemic control reduces microvascular complications, butthere is no evidence that improved glycemic control reducesthe incidence of stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus.In younger diabetics, treatment should be targeted towardcontrol of blood pressure (,130/80 mmHg) and treatment ofhyperlipidemia, especially in individuals with additional riskfactors. Blood lipid abnormalities are another risk factor thatshould be corrected as part of primary prevention in termsof overall cardiovascular risk. Therapeutic lifestyle changesshould be the first strategy. Treatment with statins is recommendedin patients estimated to have a high 10-year risk forcardiovascular events.45 Epidemiologic data indicate a strongrelationship between cigarette smoking and ischemic stroke
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, particularly in the young age
group.46,47 Cigarette smoking also has a synergistic effect via
its link with other vascular risk factors, such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, use of oral contraceptives, and physical
inactivity. Stopping smoking mitigates the risk of stroke,
as it does with other conditions such as coronary disease,
peripheral vascular disease, and death from vascular causes. The prevalence of current smoking in developed countries
is decreasing, but in developing countries is still high.
Therefore, smoking cessation programs need to be more
widespread and effective in developing countries. Smoking
cessation programs and changes in legislation to reduce the
opportunities to smoke need to be a priority for policymakers
to save millions of lives and reduce smoking-related
morbidity.48 Two meta-analyses indicate that a diet rich in fruit
and vegetables and with a reduced salt content can reduce the
risk of stroke.49,50 The effect of physical activity and exercise
on health and disease has been the focus of much research
attention. A meta-analysis of 23 studies concluded that there
was strong evidence that moderate and high levels of physical
activity were associated with a reduced risk of total, ischemic,
and hemorrhagic stroke.51 The mechanism by which exercise
decreases stroke risk is likely to be multifactorial and to
include blood pressure, lipid, and weight control.
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