-o Balance of Payments
The difference of between the dollar value of goods and services exported and the dollar value of the goods and services imported.
Negative balance is a trade deficit
o Non –economic indicators – measure the various dimensions of social welfare. Infant mortality rates may be used as an indicator of diet and healthcare available to women. Others include crime rates, adult life expectancy, smog free days, and educational achievement. These indicators need both conceptual validity and accuracy of measurement