mortality due to bleeding (50, 51, 79, 80), clear recommendations
on the FFP : RBC ratio, with the aim to limit MOF can not be made.
In particular, due to the different scoring systems used to define
MOF in the meta-analysis. Further studies on risks and benefits
of blood product ratios are warranted. A possible explanation for
the association between the administration of RBCs in trauma
patients and MOF may be storage time. However, the use of fresh
blood only is probably not feasible in exsanguinating trauma
patients.Further more, limited data in this study suggest that
procoagulant agents do not contribute to a higher incidence of
thromboembolic events and subsequently MOF in severely injured
trauma patients.In fact, they seem to reduce the risk of MOF,
which is most likely related to a decrease in transfusion requirement.
Whether the addition of procoagulant agents may decrease
transfusion requirements and subsequently the development of
MOF remains to be determined.
LIMITATIONS
There are several limitations to this review.The included studies
have a considerable risk of bias related to design and methodology
and several studies did not adjust for confounders. Also,
there was a relevant heterogeneity as data were presented as mean
or median, as frequencies and percentages, and as odds ratios
with 95% confidence intervals.This hampered pooling of data
in the meta-analysis. Pooling of data was feasible in 7 out of the
50 included studies. Additionally, we have used the Newcastle-
Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of observational studies.Previous
studies reported a low reliability of the scale due to differences
in assessment and low agreement between reviewers, which is a
limitation of the scale and subsequently of this study(81, 82).
However, despite these limitations, the Cochrane Collaboration
recommends the Newcastle-Ottawa scale as the most useful tool
for assessing the risk of bias in non-RCTs (83). Furthermore,
mortality due to bleeding (50, 51, 79, 80), clear recommendationson the FFP : RBC ratio, with the aim to limit MOF can not be made.In particular, due to the different scoring systems used to defineMOF in the meta-analysis. Further studies on risks and benefitsof blood product ratios are warranted. A possible explanation forthe association between the administration of RBCs in traumapatients and MOF may be storage time. However, the use of freshblood only is probably not feasible in exsanguinating traumapatients.Further more, limited data in this study suggest thatprocoagulant agents do not contribute to a higher incidence ofthromboembolic events and subsequently MOF in severely injuredtrauma patients.In fact, they seem to reduce the risk of MOF,which is most likely related to a decrease in transfusion requirement.Whether the addition of procoagulant agents may decreasetransfusion requirements and subsequently the development ofMOF remains to be determined.LIMITATIONSThere are several limitations to this review.The included studieshave a considerable risk of bias related to design and methodologyand several studies did not adjust for confounders. Also,there was a relevant heterogeneity as data were presented as meanor median, as frequencies and percentages, and as odds ratioswith 95% confidence intervals.This hampered pooling of datain the meta-analysis. Pooling of data was feasible in 7 out of the50 included studies. Additionally, we have used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of observational studies.Previousstudies reported a low reliability of the scale due to differencesin assessment and low agreement between reviewers, which is alimitation of the scale and subsequently of this study(81, 82).However, despite these limitations, the Cochrane Collaborationrecommends the Newcastle-Ottawa scale as the most useful toolfor assessing the risk of bias in non-RCTs (83). Furthermore,
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