The administrative point of view is typical among the top executives of state- owned or controlled enterprises. All over the world, executives who focus on the administrator role have worked their careful adherence to rules and policies or adroit political maneuvering with- in a bureaucracy. The managerial focus is on results (usually measured financial accounts) and efficiency (i.e., cost-cutting to generate profits) MBA programs and formal training have shaped the managerial point of view among a large number of executives, especially in the United States. The leadership role involves the ability of an executive to create a vision of the organization's future and energize others to pursue the vision successfully. to a group of younger managers in General Electric when he was CEO, "You may be a great manager, but unless you can energize other people, you are of no value to General Electric as a leader." An effective leadership role is critical, but also the most rare of the three roles Generally speaking, administration is delegated to lower levels in Western companies than in Asian ones. Many middle-level Asian managers are primarily administrators and they lack the management skills so important to the results-driven operations of Western companies. Western managers are better at management but often falter in the administrative focus of execution.