with alcoholic degrees of 16.5% and 12.5% (v/v at
20 C), respectively. The yeast growth rate then declined and remained
constant subsequently. Using the traditional processed rice
followed by SSF, a fermentation recovery of 29.59% and a fermentation
efficiency of 73.56% were achieved (Fig. 3c). By contrast, the
enzymatic extrusion-processed rice wine had a fermentation
recovery of up to 38.07% and a fermentation efficiency of 94.66%.
These high values were close to the results obtained by Gohel
and Duan (2012a). Thus, the pre-liquefaction of starch by enzymatic
extrusion may be necessary to achieve high ethanol yield
and fermentation efficiency