(termed ex-distillery price) is contributed by 1) raw material (feedstock), 2) utilities (energy cost), 3) chemicals, 4) repair and maintenance, 5) insurance, 6) wages and salary, 7) depreciation, and 8) profit margin. Adding transportation/distribution cost to ethanol ex- distillery price results in ethanol ex-refinery price. To estimate transport costs, assumptions were made about transport of cassava chips to ethanol factories, ethanol to oil refineries and gasohol to gas stations, as shown in Table 1.