Can GPS Be Used to Detect Deleterious Progression in Training Volume Among Runners?
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Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research:
June 2013 - Volume 27 - Issue 6 - p 1471–1478
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182711e3c
Original Research
Can GPS Be Used to Detect Deleterious Progression in Training Volume Among Runners?
Nielsen, Rasmus O.1,2; Cederholm, Peter3; Buist, Ida4; Sørensen, Henrik1; Lind, Martin5; Rasmussen, Sten2
Free Access
Article Outline
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1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
2Orthopaedic Surgery Research Unit, Science and Innovation Center, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
3Department of Development and Planning, Division of Geomatics, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
4Department of Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
5Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Address correspondence to Rasmus O. Nielsen, ragn@rn.dk
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Abstract: Nielsen, RO, Cederholm, P, Buist, I, Sørensen, H, Lind, M, and Rasmussen, S. Can GPS be used to detect deleterious progression in training volume among runners? J Strength Cond Res 27(6): 1471–1478, 2013—There is a need to ascertain if an association exists between excessive progression in weekly volume and development of running-related injuries (RRI). The purpose of this study was to investigate if GPS can be used to detect deleterious progression in weekly training volume among 60 novice runners included in a 10-week prospective study. All participants used GPS to quantify training volume while running. In case of injury, participants attended a clinical examination. The 13 runners who sustained injuries during follow-up had a significantly higher weekly progression in total training volume in the week before the injury origin (86% [95% confidence interval: 12.9–159.9], p = 0.026) compared with other weeks. Although not significant, participants with injuries had an increase in weekly training volume of 31.6% compared with a 22.1% increase among the healthy participants. The error of the GPS measurements in open landscape, forest, and urban area of volume was ≤6.2%. To conclude, no clinically relevant measurement errors of the GPS devices were found for training volume. Based on this, GPS has a potential to detect errors in training volume, which may be associated with development of RRI. Based on the results from the current study, increases in weekly training progression may become deleterious at a weekly increase above 30%, which is more than the 10% rule currently used as a guideline for correct progression in weekly volume by runners and coaches. Still, no clear evidence for safe progression of weekly volume exists. But it seems likely that some individuals may tolerate weekly progressions around 20–25%, at least for a short period of time.
Back to Top | Article Outline
Introduction
There is a paucity of knowledge about risk factors for running-related injuries (RRI). The key factor associated with injury development seems to be somehow linked to training volume because errors in training volume have been suggested as the main cause of as much as 60–70% of all RRIs (16,19,28). In particular, sudden increases in weekly volume are considered injurious because the increased number of applied stress exposures because of an excessive increase in number of steps taken may overwhelm the ability for adaptive change and tissue repair (26).To avoid injury, a principle that the running volume should be increased gradually over time is considered important. In a training program based on a progression in weekly volume of a maximum of 10%, the so called 10% rule, a gradually adaptive change may occur and the risk of overuse injury reduced (17). On the contrary, the risk of injury may be increased by following a training program with a progression above 10%. Buist et al (7) investigated the injury survival among novice runners after a 10% increase in weekly training compared with novice runners training with an increase of 24%. No difference in injury survival was found between the 2 groups. Still, participants in other studies have reported the sudden change in training volume before injury origin as the main reason for injury development (15,19). Based on this, it seems plausible to assume that progression in weekly volume is somehow linked with RRI, but no clear threshold between safe progression and injurious progression exists. A possible reason for the lacking evidence on the link between progression in running volume and RRI may be the methods used to obtain information about the training volume.Previously, information about running volume has been collected through questionnaires or self-reported running diaries (4,7,15,21,22,36). Several studies conclude that this approach leads to training volume being estimated wrongly (18), possibly because of subject recall bias, and time-consuming self-reporting may demotivate the participant to continue in the study (13,35). Therefore, the methods used in previous studies to measure running volume by subjective methods (questionnaires, surveys, diaries) should be taken into careful consideration. New methods to quantify training volume are highly needed because valid and reliable measurements may create a foundation to investigate if excessive progression in training volume, suggested by many, is associated with development of RRI.Previously, the GPS assessment of human speed and distance has been tested in field sports (1,9), in court-based sports (8), and during walking (27) and running (30,32,33). Townshend et al (33) concluded that, with reduced size, cost, and ease of use, the GPS offers a valid alternative to subjective self-reporting that can be used in the study of running or walking (33). The recent development of the GPS technology has made it possible for novice, recreational, and elite runners around the world to buy and use GPS watches to quantify their training volume. Hereby, a possibility exists for researchers to gather detailed information of training volume from large groups of runners. Based on the information on training volume gathered by GPS, the progression in weekly volume can be calculated.Following the hypothesis that progression in weekly volume may contribute to injury if the progression is severe enough, we designed an explorative, prospective follow-up study using GPS to quantify training volume. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of running volume quantified by GPS watches and to investigate if GPS can be used to detect deleterious progression in weekly training volume among runners.
Back to Top | Article Outline
Methods
Experimental Approach to the Problem
Two studies were conducted: A prospective follow-up study including novice runners and a trial to investigate the validity and reliability of GPS watches.The follow-up trial was designed as a prospective 10-week observational study including healthy novice runners who used GPS to register their training. The dependent variable of interest was RRI; “An injury was defined as any musculoskeletal complaint of the lower extremity or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 week.” This definition is a modified version of the definition used by Buist et al (7). The independent variable of interest was progression in weekly training volume. Training progression was calculated in percentage, based on the training volume covered in 1 week divided by the training volume covered in the week before, multiplied by 100.Validity trials were conducted to investigate the measurement errors between the GPS watch and a gold standard. Furthermore, the reliability between watches was investigated.In the validity trials, the measurements of distance, speed, and elevation computed from a commonly used GPS watch was compared with a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) geodetic GPS receiver (GPS1200+; Leica Geosystems AG, Heerburg, Switzerland). In case of unsimultaneous data collection, distances computed from the GPS watch were compared with an average distance measured by RTK or Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) (Leica TPS1205+). It was hypothesized that the GPS watch, under ideal conditions, had a limit of agreement of ±20 m in 95% of the measurements compared with the gold standard over a 1,000 m distance. In comparison, on the manufacturers’ homepages it is stated that an expected positional standard deviation is a few centimeters for the RTK and less than a few centimeters for EDM over a distance of 1,000 m. Therefore, RTK and EDM were used as gold standards. The RTK and EDM equipment are tested at regular intervals at Aalborg University to ensure compliance with the specified accuracies. The reliability of 2 identical GPS watches was assessed by comparisons of distance, speed, and elevation. The authors believe that a measurement error below 10% for mean distance, speed, and elevation is not clinically relevant when the link between training characteristics and RRI has to be investigated. It was hypothesized that 95% of the measurements of distance between 2 identical watches could be assessed within ±30 m over a 1,000 m distance in ideal conditions.
Back to Top | Article Outline
Subjects
The study was granted approval from the local ethics board (M-20100272) and the Danish Data Protection Agency. All participants signed informed consent before inclusion. Healthy persons between 18 and 65 years of age, who had no injury of the lower extremity in the 3 months before inclusion, who had not been running on a regular basis (10 km total in all training sessions in the previous 12 months), had access to the internet and got an e-mail address, were eligible for incl
สามารถใช้ GPS เพื่อตรวจสอบความก้าวหน้าสุดปริมาณการฝึกอบรมในรอบชิงชนะเลิศข้าม LinksHome นำทาง > 2556 มิถุนายน -ปริมาตร 27 - ออก 6 > จีพีเอสสามารถใช้เพื่อตรวจสอบความก้าวหน้าสุดใน Trainin ...< บทความก่อนหน้านี้ | บทความถัดไป >สมุดรายวันความแข็งแรงและห้องวิจัย:2556 มิถุนายน -ปริมาตร 27 - ออก 6 - p ค.ศ. 1471 – 1478ดอย: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182711e3cงานวิจัยต้นฉบับสามารถใช้ GPS เพื่อตรวจสอบความก้าวหน้าสุดปริมาณการฝึกอบรมในรอบชิงชนะเลิศนีล รัส O.1,2 Cederholm, Peter3 Buist, Ida4 Sørensen, Henrik1 Lind, Martin5 Rasmussen, Sten2เข้าฟรีบทความเค้าข้อมูล BoxAuthor ยุบ1Department สาธารณสุข คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยอาร์ฮุส สุขภาพอาร์ฮุส เดนมาร์กหน่วยวิจัยการผ่าตัด 2Orthopaedic วิทยาศาสตร์ และ ศูนย์นวัตกรรม โรง พยาบาลอัลบอร์ก มหาวิทยาลัยอาร์ฮุส อาร์ฮุส เดนมาร์ก3Department ของการพัฒนาและการวางแผน งาน Geomatics มหาวิทยาลัยอัลบอร์ก อัลบอร์ก เดนมาร์ก4Department เวชศาสตร์การกีฬา ศูนย์การแพทย์มหาวิทยาลัยโกรนิงเกน เนเธอร์แลนด์5Department ของโรงพยาบาลสมเด็จ โรงพยาบาลมหาวิทยาลัยอาร์ฮุส อาร์ฮุส เดนมาร์กที่อยู่ติดต่อรัสโอนีล ragn@rn.dkBoxAbstract ยุบบทคัดย่อ: นีล RO, Cederholm, P, Buist ฉัน Sørensen, H, Lind, M และ Rasmussen จีพีเอสสามารถใช้เพื่อตรวจสอบความก้าวหน้าสุดปริมาณการฝึกอบรมในรอบชิงชนะเลิศ 27(6) J แรง Cond Res: ค.ศ. 1471 – 1478, 2013 ซึ่งต้องตรวจถ้ามีความสัมพันธ์ที่ก้าวหน้ามากเกินไปปริมาณรายสัปดาห์และพัฒนารันบาดเจ็บ (RRI) วัตถุประสงค์ของการศึกษานี้คือการ ตรวจสอบจีพีเอสสามารถใช้ตรวจสอบความก้าวหน้าสุดปริมาณการฝึกประจำสัปดาห์ระหว่าง 60 สามเณรรอบชิงชนะเลิศรวม 10 สัปดาห์ผู้สนใจศึกษา ร่วมใช้ GPS ในการกำหนดปริมาณการฝึกระดับเสียงขณะทำงาน ในกรณีที่บาดเจ็บ ผู้เข้าร่วมเข้าร่วมตรวจสอบทางคลินิก รอบชิงชนะเลิศ 13 ที่ยั่งยืนการบาดเจ็บในระหว่างการติดตามผลมีความก้าวหน้ารายสัปดาห์อย่างมีนัยสำคัญปริมาณการฝึกอบรมทั้งหมดในสัปดาห์ก่อนจุดเริ่มต้นของการบาดเจ็บ (86% [ช่วงความเชื่อมั่น 95%:12.9 – 159.9], p = 0.026) เมื่อเทียบกับสัปดาห์อื่น แม้ว่าไม่มีนัยสำคัญ ร่วมกับการบาดเจ็บได้เพิ่มรายสัปดาห์ฝึกปริมาณ 31.6% เมื่อเทียบกับการเพิ่มขึ้น 22.1% ในหมู่ผู้เรียนมีสุขภาพดี ข้อผิดพลาดของการวัดจีพีเอสในแนวเปิด ป่า และเมืองของไดรฟ์ข้อมูลคือ ≤6.2% เพื่อสรุป ประเมินไม่เกี่ยวข้องทางคลินิก พบข้อผิดพลาดของอุปกรณ์ GPS สำหรับไดรฟ์ข้อมูลการฝึกอบรม ตามนี้ จีพีเอสมีโอกาสตรวจพบข้อผิดพลาดปริมาณ การฝึกอบรมซึ่งอาจเกี่ยวข้องกับการพัฒนาของ RRI ขึ้นอยู่กับผลลัพธ์จากการศึกษาปัจจุบัน สัปดาห์ฝึกก้าวหน้าเพิ่มขึ้นอาจร้ายที่เพิ่มขึ้นทุกสัปดาห์ข้างต้น 30% ซึ่งเป็นมากกว่ากฎ 10% ปัจจุบันใช้เป็นแนวทางสำหรับก้าวหน้าที่ถูกต้องในไดรฟ์ข้อมูลรายสัปดาห์ โดยรอบชิงชนะเลิศและผู้สอน ยัง ไม่มีหลักฐานที่ชัดเจนสำหรับการก้าวหน้าปลอดภัยของไดรฟ์ข้อมูลรายสัปดาห์แล้ว แต่ดูเหมือนมีแนวโน้มว่า บางคนอาจทนก้าวหน้าทุกสัปดาห์ประมาณ 20 – 25% น้อยในระยะเวลาสั้น ๆBack to Top | Article OutlineIntroductionThere is a paucity of knowledge about risk factors for running-related injuries (RRI). The key factor associated with injury development seems to be somehow linked to training volume because errors in training volume have been suggested as the main cause of as much as 60–70% of all RRIs (16,19,28). In particular, sudden increases in weekly volume are considered injurious because the increased number of applied stress exposures because of an excessive increase in number of steps taken may overwhelm the ability for adaptive change and tissue repair (26).To avoid injury, a principle that the running volume should be increased gradually over time is considered important. In a training program based on a progression in weekly volume of a maximum of 10%, the so called 10% rule, a gradually adaptive change may occur and the risk of overuse injury reduced (17). On the contrary, the risk of injury may be increased by following a training program with a progression above 10%. Buist et al (7) investigated the injury survival among novice runners after a 10% increase in weekly training compared with novice runners training with an increase of 24%. No difference in injury survival was found between the 2 groups. Still, participants in other studies have reported the sudden change in training volume before injury origin as the main reason for injury development (15,19). Based on this, it seems plausible to assume that progression in weekly volume is somehow linked with RRI, but no clear threshold between safe progression and injurious progression exists. A possible reason for the lacking evidence on the link between progression in running volume and RRI may be the methods used to obtain information about the training volume.Previously, information about running volume has been collected through questionnaires or self-reported running diaries (4,7,15,21,22,36). Several studies conclude that this approach leads to training volume being estimated wrongly (18), possibly because of subject recall bias, and time-consuming self-reporting may demotivate the participant to continue in the study (13,35). Therefore, the methods used in previous studies to measure running volume by subjective methods (questionnaires, surveys, diaries) should be taken into careful consideration. New methods to quantify training volume are highly needed because valid and reliable measurements may create a foundation to investigate if excessive progression in training volume, suggested by many, is associated with development of RRI.Previously, the GPS assessment of human speed and distance has been tested in field sports (1,9), in court-based sports (8), and during walking (27) and running (30,32,33). Townshend et al (33) concluded that, with reduced size, cost, and ease of use, the GPS offers a valid alternative to subjective self-reporting that can be used in the study of running or walking (33). The recent development of the GPS technology has made it possible for novice, recreational, and elite runners around the world to buy and use GPS watches to quantify their training volume. Hereby, a possibility exists for researchers to gather detailed information of training volume from large groups of runners. Based on the information on training volume gathered by GPS, the progression in weekly volume can be calculated.Following the hypothesis that progression in weekly volume may contribute to injury if the progression is severe enough, we designed an explorative, prospective follow-up study using GPS to quantify training volume. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of running volume quantified by GPS watches and to investigate if GPS can be used to detect deleterious progression in weekly training volume among runners.Back to Top | Article OutlineMethodsExperimental Approach to the ProblemTwo studies were conducted: A prospective follow-up study including novice runners and a trial to investigate the validity and reliability of GPS watches.The follow-up trial was designed as a prospective 10-week observational study including healthy novice runners who used GPS to register their training. The dependent variable of interest was RRI; “An injury was defined as any musculoskeletal complaint of the lower extremity or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 week.” This definition is a modified version of the definition used by Buist et al (7). The independent variable of interest was progression in weekly training volume. Training progression was calculated in percentage, based on the training volume covered in 1 week divided by the training volume covered in the week before, multiplied by 100.Validity trials were conducted to investigate the measurement errors between the GPS watch and a gold standard. Furthermore, the reliability between watches was investigated.In the validity trials, the measurements of distance, speed, and elevation computed from a commonly used GPS watch was compared with a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) geodetic GPS receiver (GPS1200+; Leica Geosystems AG, Heerburg, Switzerland). In case of unsimultaneous data collection, distances computed from the GPS watch were compared with an average distance measured by RTK or Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) (Leica TPS1205+). It was hypothesized that the GPS watch, under ideal conditions, had a limit of agreement of ±20 m in 95% of the measurements compared with the gold standard over a 1,000 m distance. In comparison, on the manufacturers’ homepages it is stated that an expected positional standard deviation is a few centimeters for the RTK and less than a few centimeters for EDM over a distance of 1,000 m. Therefore, RTK and EDM were used as gold standards. The RTK and EDM equipment are tested at regular intervals at Aalborg University to ensure compliance with the specified accuracies. The reliability of 2 identical GPS watches was assessed by comparisons of distance, speed, and elevation. The authors believe that a measurement error below 10% for mean distance, speed, and elevation is not clinically relevant when the link between training characteristics and RRI has to be investigated. It was hypothesized that 95% of the measurements of distance between 2 identical watches could be assessed within ±30 m over a 1,000 m distance in ideal conditions.Back to Top | Article Outline
Subjects
The study was granted approval from the local ethics board (M-20100272) and the Danish Data Protection Agency. All participants signed informed consent before inclusion. Healthy persons between 18 and 65 years of age, who had no injury of the lower extremity in the 3 months before inclusion, who had not been running on a regular basis (10 km total in all training sessions in the previous 12 months), had access to the internet and got an e-mail address, were eligible for incl
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