Illustration of the generation of spatial lags in the positive and negative X directions (+lags(h1) and −lags(h1)), and the positive Y direction (+lags(h2)), for two rasterized surfaces (data sets A and B) used as input to codispersion analysis. The colored boxes illustrate increasingly large, two-dimensional, kernel-smoothed spatial lags over which codispersion coefficients are calculated. X and Y are actual distances for each plot data set (A and B). (B) A codispersion plot. The color of each cell is the value of the codispersion coefficient of two variables for all analyzed spatial lags and directions in X, Y space. Positive codispersion values indicate positive covariation (aggregation) and negative codispersion values indicate negative covariation (segregation).