Inclusion criteria
Female participants who: 1) were 10-19 years
old when they gave birth7
, 2) had given birth to their
first child, 3) had a healthy baby and their child was
no more than 3 years old; in other words, mothers
who had either infants or toddlers were included in
order to see their role adaptation to both maternal and
student roles in this period, 4) had returned to school
after birth within 1.5 years to see their role adaptation
during childrearing, 5) had been the caregiver for her
baby, and 6) subject to an unintended pregnancy.
Mothers who had any severe physical history, such as
diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or heart disease, mental
problems, and history of substance abuse, were not
included in order to control the effect of potential
complication that might influence the role adaptation
process.