According to Hogg, Carter and Dunne (1998), dimensions of internal marketing
measurement are: communication, staff training; appraisal and feedback; and customer
consciousness. Alternatively, Varey and Lewis (1999) differentiate these dimensions into;
dissemination of information from all internal groups; development of competence, and
development of incentive and motivation systems. Ahmed and Rafiq (2003) distinguish
these dimensions into: strategic rewards; internal communications; training and
development; organizational structure; senior leadership; physical environment; staffing;
selection and succession; inter-functional coordination; incentive systems; empowerment;
and operational/process changes. Moreover, Tsai and Tang (2008) identify key elements
of internal marketing, including service training programs, performance incentives, and
vision for service excellence.