5.3.2.1. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are impairments of bodily structures such as
muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, nerves, bones and the localised blood circulation system, that
are caused or aggravated primarily by work and by the effects of the immediate environment in which
work is carried out. These disorders mainly affect the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs (arms,
hands, wrists and fingers), but can also affect the lower limbs (knees, hips, and feet) [115]. Symptoms
of MSDs can be pain, discomfort, numbness and tingling sensations [52].
MSD risk factors:
Different groups of factors may contribute to MSDs, including physical and biomechanical factors,
organisational and psychosocial factors, individual and personal factors. These may act uniquely or in
combination. [115]
Factors potentially contributing to the development of MSDs [115]
Physical factors:
Force application, e.g. lifting, carrying, pulling, pushing, use of tools
Repetition of movements
Awkward and static postures, for example with hands above shoulder level, or prolonged
standing and sitting
Local compression by tools and surfaces
Vibration
Cold or excessive heat
Poor lighting – may for example cause an accident
High noise levels, e.g. causing the body to tense
Organisational and psychosocial factors:
Demanding work, lack of control over the tasks performed, and low levels of autonomy
Low levels of job satisfaction
Repetitive, monotonous work, at a high pace
Lack of support from colleagues, supervisors and managers
Individual factors:
Prior medical history
Physical capacity
Age
Obesity
Smoking