effects of the dominance of media corporations on individuals, cultures, and politics across national boundaries have been debated at different times, whether called cultural imperialism or transnational media. more recently, new types of questions have also been considered, such as the importance of local and global processes; the rise of the transnational media firm; the shape of corporate information order; the significance of transnational advertising; how transnational media and cultural studies can be situated in contexts of race, class and gender relations or focus on national diasporas; and the use of new media by civil society movements in support of human rights, peace, or environmental protection objectives.