This can be explained by
a referential process between the verbal and
nonverbal information. Of particular importance
is the strength of the relationship between the
relevant picture and words used in multimedia
materials. For instance, an individual listening
to a speech about the history of the Chinese
government while viewing a picture of a German
flag is semantically incongruent, and according
to theories of multimedia learning, may interfere
with the learning process. Related information
should be more easily accessible in memory
than unrelated information (Kullhavey, Lee &
Caterino, 1985).