Breastfeeding self-efficacy (BFSE) supports breastfeeding initiation and duration. Challenges to
breastfeeding may undermine BFSE, but second-line strategies including nipple shields, syringe, cup, supply line
and bottle feeding may support breastfeeding until challenges are resolved. The primary aim of this study was to
examine BFSE in a sample of women using second-line strategies for feeding healthy term infants in the first week
postpartum.