Why settle for less
Worldwide urbanization and rapid industrialization are putting utilities under increasing pressure. This fast growing demand jeopardizes reliable and high quality power supply. Yet the global trend towards deregulated power markets means any new investment must be competitive. At the same time, environmental awareness questions the construction of additional overhead transmission lines.
However, ABB can help you solve this dilemma. In many cases, cost effective series compensation enables more power to be transmitted through existing lines at a fraction of the cost and time expenditure of a new line. Likewise it makes greenfield power transmission projects more cost effective and more environmentally acceptable by reducing the number of lines required.
...when more is within reach?
ABB implemented its first series compensation solutions in the 1950s. Since then, we have continued to develop and refine this technology. Today, our know-how and problem solving capabilities help make us the world leader in effective power transmission.
Compensate the inductive reactance
Series compensation employs capacitors to compensate the inductive reactance of long lines. It is a highly effective and economical means of improving power transfer. Suitable for both new and existing lines, series compensation increases power transfer capability by raising the transient stability limit as well as improving the voltage stability. Another important benefit is reduced transmission losses by optimizing the sharing of active power between parallel lines.
Squeezing more power out of existing lines can eliminate the need to build new lines which all adds up to reduced environmental impact, and significant cost and time savings.
Series capacitors save environment, forest and land!
(มีแต่รูป หน้านี้ไปดูในเว็บ)
Cost effectiveness of series capacitors
Case 1
The cost advantages of ABB series capacitors can be demonstrated by a direct comparison of alternative solutions. The following two scenarios document the cost efficiency of series capacitors.
An existing 1 300 MW transmission system using two parallel 500 kV lines is to be upgraded to a 2 000 MW system. The options are to series compensate the two existing lines or build a third parallel line.
Cost Analysis
The total investment for compensating the two existing lines will be approximately 10 percent of building a third, parallel line. Additionally, this does not take into account the substantial time savings of upgrading existing lines rather than constructing new ones. In many countries, permission to build new lines can be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to obtain today, and it is not uncommon for this process to take 5-10 years. In addition to this, several years must be added for the construction, depending on terrain and distance, and other related concerns.
Case 2
A new transmission system is to be built to transmit 2 000 MW from a power station to the load area. The investment costs for the equipment, including cost of losses, have been calculated for two alternative transmission systems – one compensated and one uncompensated.
System A. Two parallel 500 kV lines with 40 percent series compensation, divided into three line sections.
System B. Three parallel 500 kV lines without series compensation, also divided into three line sections.
Cost Analysis
The total investment cost of system B, (three uncompensated lines), will be some 35 percent more than that of the two compensated lines (system A). The series capacitors themselves constitute just 10 percent of the total investment for the compensated system.
Series compensation tailored to each demand
ABB’s experience of planning, design, installation and commissioning enables series capacitors to be tailored to any requirements. By adopting a standardized, modular approach to control, protection and supervision, every application is sure to be reliable and virtually maintenance free.
Optimize your power transmission Adding series capacitors to your network will significantly boost power transmission while drastically reducing investment and maintenance costs in relation to other possible alternatives.
Long transmission distance is one of the main reasons to introduce series compensation. In Argentina for example, series capacitors have been installed to transmit vast amounts of environmentally friendly hydro power from the Comahue region in south western Argentina to Buenos Aires, a distance of over 1 000 km.
Multifunctional
Series capacitors raise the transient stability limit of the 500 kV lines, improve the reactive power balance and voltage regulation, and improve the active power sharing between the lines. Due to the prevailing circumstances, the Comahue-Buenos Aires 500 kV power corridor installation would have been both more expensive and more land and time consuming without series compensation.
With four series compensated lines in operation, the overall power transmission capacity of the power corridor reaches 4600 MW.
A similar tale can be told in British Columbia, Canada. Series capacitors were installed in a new line segment running paralel with two existing lines carrying hydro power to Vancouver, a distance of over 900 km. The series capacitors secure balanced power flow by improving load sharing between the parallel lines. A total transfer capability of 3 300 MW can be maintained even if one of the three lines is lost.
Power – When and where you want It
A key objective for every power provider is to deliver power whenever and wherever it is needed – twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year. To do this, a reliable and stable network that performs smoothly even when power patterns change and disturbances occur, is imperative.
In the far north region of neighboring Sweden and Finland, several series capacitors are operated for increased power transmission capability under stable conditions over an existing 400 kV dual line interconnector between the two countries. As a benefit, an optimum exchange of power can be maintained between the countries at all time.
Continuous improvement process
In California, USA, on the Pacific Intertie, the benefits of series compensation were adopted early on. Heavily loaded, and with load increasing all the time, the long, double circuit 500 kV interconnector has gone through extensive and continuous upgrading of its series compensation. The gains have been continuously increasing power transmission capability on the existing lines as well as decreasing maintenance costs.
With 13 ABB series capacitors in operation, all together rated at over 5 000 Mvar, the Pacific Inertie continues to supply power in a safe way to power hungry California.
Suitable for most networks
Series capacitors are suitable for transmission and subtransmission networks alike. In Hólar, Iceland, a series capacitor compensates approximately 70 per cent of the reactance of a 132 kV network. In the harsh Icelandic environment, where there can be vast distances between the power source and end user, the series capacitor increases the power transmission capability and stability of the network.
Self-regulating
Series capacitors are self-regulating. When the transmitted power increases in the network, so does the reactive power generation of the series capacitors. This function, allied to a state of the art control and protection system that responds within milliseconds, makes series capacitors extremely reliable. It also means minimal maintenance and supervision, which all adds up to substantial cost and time savings.
Main schemes
Of course, a series capacitor is not just a capacitor in series with the line. For proper functioning, series compensation requires control, protection and supervision to enable it to perform as an integrated part of a power system. Also, since the series capacitor is working at the same voltage level as the rest of the system, it needs to be fully insulated to ground.
(รูป) C Capacitor
V MOV (ZnO varistor)
D Damping circuit
T Fast protective device
B By-pass switch
To protect series capacitors against over-voltages caused by faults in the surrounding network, each installation is equipped with a scheme in which a MOV or Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Varistor constitutes the main protection.
During normal operating conditions, all power flows through the series capacitor. When a fault arises, the highly nonlinear varistor is used to limit the voltage across the series capacitor to safe values. When the fault is cleared, the varistor immediately ceases to conduct and the series capacitor instantly reverts to normal operating conditions.
Depending on the environment in which the series capacitor is to operate, a ZnO scheme with or without FPD (Fast Protective Device) will be specified.
FPD scheme
In cases where the varistor energy absorption capability would otherwise be exceeded, such as in conjunction with internal faults, or external faults of an extreme nature, a Fast Protective Device is utilized to by-pass the varistor. Closing a by-pass switch follows as the next step in order to by-pass the series capacitor. On fault clearing, the series capacitor is reinserted into operation by opening the switch.
FPD-less scheme
In situations where the the duty cycle of the ZnO varistor is less severe but might still be exceeded in conjunction with internal faults or some external faults, it is sufficient with a by-pass switch which operates to by-pass the series capacitor. Upon clearing of the fault, the by-pass switch is opened, and the series capacitor is reinserted into operation.
Capacitor Bank
The capacitor bank consists of capacitor units connected in series and parallel to obtain the required total Mvar ratings. The capacitor units consist of an all film design with a biodegradable impregnant. The capacitor units are equipped with internal discharge resistors to fulfill the discharge requirements ac
Why settle for less
Worldwide urbanization and rapid industrialization are putting utilities under increasing pressure. This fast growing demand jeopardizes reliable and high quality power supply. Yet the global trend towards deregulated power markets means any new investment must be competitive. At the same time, environmental awareness questions the construction of additional overhead transmission lines.
However, ABB can help you solve this dilemma. In many cases, cost effective series compensation enables more power to be transmitted through existing lines at a fraction of the cost and time expenditure of a new line. Likewise it makes greenfield power transmission projects more cost effective and more environmentally acceptable by reducing the number of lines required.
...when more is within reach?
ABB implemented its first series compensation solutions in the 1950s. Since then, we have continued to develop and refine this technology. Today, our know-how and problem solving capabilities help make us the world leader in effective power transmission.
Compensate the inductive reactance
Series compensation employs capacitors to compensate the inductive reactance of long lines. It is a highly effective and economical means of improving power transfer. Suitable for both new and existing lines, series compensation increases power transfer capability by raising the transient stability limit as well as improving the voltage stability. Another important benefit is reduced transmission losses by optimizing the sharing of active power between parallel lines.
Squeezing more power out of existing lines can eliminate the need to build new lines which all adds up to reduced environmental impact, and significant cost and time savings.
Series capacitors save environment, forest and land!
(มีแต่รูป หน้านี้ไปดูในเว็บ)
Cost effectiveness of series capacitors
Case 1
The cost advantages of ABB series capacitors can be demonstrated by a direct comparison of alternative solutions. The following two scenarios document the cost efficiency of series capacitors.
An existing 1 300 MW transmission system using two parallel 500 kV lines is to be upgraded to a 2 000 MW system. The options are to series compensate the two existing lines or build a third parallel line.
Cost Analysis
The total investment for compensating the two existing lines will be approximately 10 percent of building a third, parallel line. Additionally, this does not take into account the substantial time savings of upgrading existing lines rather than constructing new ones. In many countries, permission to build new lines can be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to obtain today, and it is not uncommon for this process to take 5-10 years. In addition to this, several years must be added for the construction, depending on terrain and distance, and other related concerns.
Case 2
A new transmission system is to be built to transmit 2 000 MW from a power station to the load area. The investment costs for the equipment, including cost of losses, have been calculated for two alternative transmission systems – one compensated and one uncompensated.
System A. Two parallel 500 kV lines with 40 percent series compensation, divided into three line sections.
System B. Three parallel 500 kV lines without series compensation, also divided into three line sections.
Cost Analysis
The total investment cost of system B, (three uncompensated lines), will be some 35 percent more than that of the two compensated lines (system A). The series capacitors themselves constitute just 10 percent of the total investment for the compensated system.
Series compensation tailored to each demand
ABB’s experience of planning, design, installation and commissioning enables series capacitors to be tailored to any requirements. By adopting a standardized, modular approach to control, protection and supervision, every application is sure to be reliable and virtually maintenance free.
Optimize your power transmission Adding series capacitors to your network will significantly boost power transmission while drastically reducing investment and maintenance costs in relation to other possible alternatives.
Long transmission distance is one of the main reasons to introduce series compensation. In Argentina for example, series capacitors have been installed to transmit vast amounts of environmentally friendly hydro power from the Comahue region in south western Argentina to Buenos Aires, a distance of over 1 000 km.
Multifunctional
Series capacitors raise the transient stability limit of the 500 kV lines, improve the reactive power balance and voltage regulation, and improve the active power sharing between the lines. Due to the prevailing circumstances, the Comahue-Buenos Aires 500 kV power corridor installation would have been both more expensive and more land and time consuming without series compensation.
With four series compensated lines in operation, the overall power transmission capacity of the power corridor reaches 4600 MW.
A similar tale can be told in British Columbia, Canada. Series capacitors were installed in a new line segment running paralel with two existing lines carrying hydro power to Vancouver, a distance of over 900 km. The series capacitors secure balanced power flow by improving load sharing between the parallel lines. A total transfer capability of 3 300 MW can be maintained even if one of the three lines is lost.
Power – When and where you want It
A key objective for every power provider is to deliver power whenever and wherever it is needed – twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year. To do this, a reliable and stable network that performs smoothly even when power patterns change and disturbances occur, is imperative.
In the far north region of neighboring Sweden and Finland, several series capacitors are operated for increased power transmission capability under stable conditions over an existing 400 kV dual line interconnector between the two countries. As a benefit, an optimum exchange of power can be maintained between the countries at all time.
Continuous improvement process
In California, USA, on the Pacific Intertie, the benefits of series compensation were adopted early on. Heavily loaded, and with load increasing all the time, the long, double circuit 500 kV interconnector has gone through extensive and continuous upgrading of its series compensation. The gains have been continuously increasing power transmission capability on the existing lines as well as decreasing maintenance costs.
With 13 ABB series capacitors in operation, all together rated at over 5 000 Mvar, the Pacific Inertie continues to supply power in a safe way to power hungry California.
Suitable for most networks
Series capacitors are suitable for transmission and subtransmission networks alike. In Hólar, Iceland, a series capacitor compensates approximately 70 per cent of the reactance of a 132 kV network. In the harsh Icelandic environment, where there can be vast distances between the power source and end user, the series capacitor increases the power transmission capability and stability of the network.
Self-regulating
Series capacitors are self-regulating. When the transmitted power increases in the network, so does the reactive power generation of the series capacitors. This function, allied to a state of the art control and protection system that responds within milliseconds, makes series capacitors extremely reliable. It also means minimal maintenance and supervision, which all adds up to substantial cost and time savings.
Main schemes
Of course, a series capacitor is not just a capacitor in series with the line. For proper functioning, series compensation requires control, protection and supervision to enable it to perform as an integrated part of a power system. Also, since the series capacitor is working at the same voltage level as the rest of the system, it needs to be fully insulated to ground.
(รูป) C Capacitor
V MOV (ZnO varistor)
D Damping circuit
T Fast protective device
B By-pass switch
To protect series capacitors against over-voltages caused by faults in the surrounding network, each installation is equipped with a scheme in which a MOV or Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Varistor constitutes the main protection.
During normal operating conditions, all power flows through the series capacitor. When a fault arises, the highly nonlinear varistor is used to limit the voltage across the series capacitor to safe values. When the fault is cleared, the varistor immediately ceases to conduct and the series capacitor instantly reverts to normal operating conditions.
Depending on the environment in which the series capacitor is to operate, a ZnO scheme with or without FPD (Fast Protective Device) will be specified.
FPD scheme
In cases where the varistor energy absorption capability would otherwise be exceeded, such as in conjunction with internal faults, or external faults of an extreme nature, a Fast Protective Device is utilized to by-pass the varistor. Closing a by-pass switch follows as the next step in order to by-pass the series capacitor. On fault clearing, the series capacitor is reinserted into operation by opening the switch.
FPD-less scheme
In situations where the the duty cycle of the ZnO varistor is less severe but might still be exceeded in conjunction with internal faults or some external faults, it is sufficient with a by-pass switch which operates to by-pass the series capacitor. Upon clearing of the fault, the by-pass switch is opened, and the series capacitor is reinserted into operation.
Capacitor Bank
The capacitor bank consists of capacitor units connected in series and parallel to obtain the required total Mvar ratings. The capacitor units consist of an all film design with a biodegradable impregnant. The capacitor units are equipped with internal discharge resistors to fulfill the discharge requirements ac
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..