Case Studies for High PV Penetration Scenarios
In 2010, several demonstration projects focused on the integration of PV in distribution
networks (especially LV) were launched.
)n the project "morePV2grid" (FFG 829867, 2010‒2013) [42] [43] [44], local control
concepts for active grid support by PV inverters were developed and validated. These
concepts-namely cosぺ(P), volt/VAr (Q(U)), and volt/watt (P(U))-are based on
mechanisms that control active and reactive power flows to keep voltage levels within the
required range. Consequently, the controls aim toward increasing the PV hosting capacity
of LV grids. Their local character refers to the fact that the controls are based on locally
measurable factors only and therefore do not require any communication links. The
functional as well as the effective validation of the control concepts were performed by
means of a comprehensive field-test series in a real LV grid with an increased PV
penetration level.
The project "DG DemoNet ‒ Smart LV Grid" (FFG 825441, 2011‒2014) [45] investigated
and demonstrated more-complex concepts. In three demonstration areas with high PV
penetration, the voltage is controlled by PV inverters (as in the previously mentioned
project) that have control parameters that can be updated online remotely through the
smart metering system. In addition, distribution transformers featuring on-load tap
changing (OLTC) are also used in the demonstration areas. This project therefore considers