portmanteau. In Minangkabau 2nd pronouns combine information social status and age of the or person singular and kau 2nd person feminine are to refer people younger than the speaker, while "2nd singular line and uni 2nd person singular feminine are used to refer older to people than the speaker and higher on the social hierarchy (Marnita 1996: 64) related to politeness, such as social status and respect can be expressed through NouN cLAss. In Jarawara, a woman can be referred to with the marked masculine gender instead of the unmarked feminine as a sign of respect (R M. W Dixon, pc.). In Ambaric, the marked feminine gender is used for respectful reference to men (Mengistu Amberber, pc.) "Respect' vs 'disdain' can be an extension of positive vs. negative values assigned to genders In Lokono (Arawak: Pet 1987: 26-7: (C) in S2.4.4; $11.2.1), masculine gender covers (a) all males of the speaker's tribe, except if they are despised: (b) males who are not of the speaker's tribe, if they are friends of the speaker or if a relationship of mutual respect exists with the speaker, and also (c) animals, objects and spirits considered to be good and desirable or when they are protagonists in stories'. Feminine gender includes (a) all females and males who are despised: (b) males who are not of the speaker's tribes and (c) animals, objects, and spirits not included in masculine gender. The 3rd person human plural is used "for male and female humans who are Arawaks or with whom the speaker is in sympathy (Pet 1987 27)