Infectious salmon anaemia
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is an emerging disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) caused by a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae. The virus (ISAV) has eight independent genome segments of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA packaged within a pleomorphic, enveloped virion, approximately 100–130 nm in diameter, and is the type species of the genus Isavirus. Initially identified as the causative agent of outbreaks and high rates of mortality among Atlantic salmon reared in sea cages in parts of Norway [109], ISAV subsequently emerged to cause losses in other areas of Western Europe where Atlantic salmon are farmed [95]. The virus was also confirmed to be the cause of an emerging hemorrhagic kidney disease of farmed Atlantic salmon along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the USA [82]. Isolates of ISAV form two major genotypes containing isolates from Europe and North America, respectively [62]. More recently, ISAV has caused very extensive losses in the Atlantic salmon farming industry in Chile. Genetic analysis has revealed that the Chilean isolates group with those from Norway and that the virus was likely transferred to Chile sometime around 1996 by the movement of infected eggs [63]. Although principally known as a pathogen of Atlantic salmon, ISAV has been isolated from naturally infected marine species that are apparent reservoirs for virus spill-over to susceptible Atlantic salmon in sea cages [115]. Investigation of virulence determinants of ISAV has also revealed significant differences among isolates [88]. Thus, the emergence of ISA appears to be a response to the farming of a susceptible species in an endemic area, evolution of the virus and some degree of transmission via the movement of fish or eggs used in aquaculture.
ติดเชื้อโรคโลหิตจางแซลม่อนInfectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is an emerging disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) caused by a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae. The virus (ISAV) has eight independent genome segments of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA packaged within a pleomorphic, enveloped virion, approximately 100–130 nm in diameter, and is the type species of the genus Isavirus. Initially identified as the causative agent of outbreaks and high rates of mortality among Atlantic salmon reared in sea cages in parts of Norway [109], ISAV subsequently emerged to cause losses in other areas of Western Europe where Atlantic salmon are farmed [95]. The virus was also confirmed to be the cause of an emerging hemorrhagic kidney disease of farmed Atlantic salmon along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the USA [82]. Isolates of ISAV form two major genotypes containing isolates from Europe and North America, respectively [62]. More recently, ISAV has caused very extensive losses in the Atlantic salmon farming industry in Chile. Genetic analysis has revealed that the Chilean isolates group with those from Norway and that the virus was likely transferred to Chile sometime around 1996 by the movement of infected eggs [63]. Although principally known as a pathogen of Atlantic salmon, ISAV has been isolated from naturally infected marine species that are apparent reservoirs for virus spill-over to susceptible Atlantic salmon in sea cages [115]. Investigation of virulence determinants of ISAV has also revealed significant differences among isolates [88]. Thus, the emergence of ISA appears to be a response to the farming of a susceptible species in an endemic area, evolution of the virus and some degree of transmission via the movement of fish or eggs used in aquaculture.
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