The resulting product, GSH-HNE, is water soluble and able to be pumped from cells by glutathione conjugate export pumps
and, ultimately, excreted from the body in urine Additionally, the aldehyde moiety of HNE can either be reduced into alcohol or oxidized into acid in reactions catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase, aldo–keto reductases and aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Specifically, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldo–keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze the reduction of 4-hydroxyalkenals and their GSH-conjugates to 1,4-ihydroxy-2- nonene (DHN) or GSH-DHN,which are less toxic and able to be efficiently cleared from the cell