As a result of not having a proper shared mental model, no one on Grand Rodosi's bridge team knew what speed the ship should be doing at critical points during the passage, such as when the tugs were to be made fast, at the beginning of the turn or during the tum. If they had, they could have brought it to the pilot's attention if the ship's speed was faster than it should have been at those critical points. Furthermore, during the information exchange, the master did not tell the pilot that the ship was manoeuvring in engine room control. If he had done so, the pilot may have requested that any telegraph command be confirmed as being carried out correctly and may himself have been more vigilant in his observation of engine movements during the pilotage. The pilotage passage plan The importance of having a passage plan for pilotage is critical for effective BRM. At one end of the scale, when there is no passage plan, there can be no shared mental model, no challenge and response opportunities, no real knowledge and understanding of roles and responsibilities of the bridge team members and no limits against which the passage can be assessed. If only a basic passage plan exists, then only a basic level of BRM principles can be possible. Current best practice' passage planning includes the effective use of BRM principles, berth-to-berth passage planning, contingency planning, and enhanced masterpilot information exchanges. It also includes engaging a pilot as a member