The data were analyzed in Chinese. The exploratory comments,
themes and superordinate themes, and representative statements were
translated using a back-translation technique. By translating concepts
and categories that emerged from analysis in the source language rather
than the whole transcript, the first author, who is also Chinese, could
better immerse herself in the participants’ world in the iterative interpretative
process and thus could code themes and superordinate themes
that better represent the participants’ realities (Chen & Boore, 2009).