ANAMMOX bacteria growth characteristics,
which include a slow growth rate,low cell yield, and highsensitivity
to changing environmental conditions. Because of these difficulties,
the application and industrialization of ANAMMOX processes
have been limited to treating a few low chemical oxygen demand
(COD), ammonium-rich wastewaters at mesophilic temperatures
(30–40 ◦C), such as landfill leachate and sludge digester liquor