• Orientation to humanity. It is a measure of the degree, which evaluates how strong teams, encourage and
reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring and good to others (House et al., 2002). It reflects
how people are tolerant to errors (Healy et al. 2004), friendly, sensitive, and the harmony (Javidan and House,
2001).
• Performance orientation. It shows how groups promote and rewards group members for performance
improvement and competencies. This reflects how much society encourages its members for innovation, quality
and productivity improvement (Javidan,2004).