David Nunan
Communicative Language Teaching is most often defined as a list of general principles or features. One of the most recognized of these lists is David Nunan’s (1991) five features of Communicative Language Teaching :
1. An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.
2. The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.
3. The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the (Learning Management ) learning process
4. An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning.
5. An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom.
Chomsky
Noam Chomsky believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any human language. He claims that certain linguistic structures which children use so accurately must be already imprinted on the child’s mind. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. Children have then only to learn new vocabulary and apply the syntactic structures from the LAD to form sentences. Chomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical .Chomsky’s theory applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels and children appear to be ‘hard-wired’ to acquire the grammar. Every language is extremely complex, often with subtle distinctions which even native speakers are unaware of. However, all children, regardless of their intellectual ability, become fluent in their native language within five or six years.
Evidence to support Chomsky’s theory
Children learning to speak never make grammatical errors such as getting their subjects, verbs and objects in the wrong order.
If an adult deliberately said a grammatically incorrect sentence, the child would notice.
Children often say things that are ungrammatical such as ‘mama ball’, which they cannot have learnt passively.
Mistakes such as ‘I drawed’ instead of ‘I drew’ show they are not learning through imitation alone.
Chomsky used the sentence ‘colourless green ideas sleep furiously’, which is grammatical although it doesn’t make sense, to prove his theory: he said it shows that sentences can be grammatical without having any meaning, that we can tell the difference between a grammatical and an ungrammatical sentence without ever having heard the sentence before, and that we can produce and understand brand new sentences that no one has ever said before.
Evidence against Chomsky’s theory
Critics of Chomsky’s theory say that although it is clear that children don’t learn language through imitation alone, this does not prove that they must have an LAD – language learning could merely be through general learning and understanding abilities and interactions with other people.
Howard Gardner (Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
Professor Howard Gardner Psychologists Harvard University is the one who tried to explain the diverse capabilities of Multiple Intelligences Theory by a proposedconcept that human intelligence has many aspects that are equally important, depending on who's in which each side. It is capable of any individual's specific characteristics to.
On 2526 (1983) Gardner has proposed that human intelligence is at least 7 the logical and mathematical language is the top body and gender in relation to the musical movements, human relations and the understanding itself. In addition it has2540 (1997) 1 side is the natural history section so that it can be more comprehensive. Thus conclude that the wisdom of plurinational Gardner Currently, there are at least 8 aspects of intelligence:
1. Linguistic Intelligence
Is the ability to use a language different from the language format to the native language until the other can recognize understand language, media and others to understand. Those who are wise, it is a striking aspect of this poet, writer. Analysts say Student newspaper for teachers, lawyers or politicians
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Is the ability to think with cause and effect? The abstract thinking to think forecastingand mathematical calculations. Those who are wise, it is a striking aspect of thisaccountant student statistics. Mathematician Research scientist programmer orengineer.
3. Visual-Spatial Intelligence
Is the ability to recognize the way the eyes. Overlooking the area, shape, distance, and location relative link examples and live saetngookayangklom swallow. Is sensitive to the perception in the direction? For those who have the intelligence, the airline will have both the science and art.
Wired Science, often as inventors Private string art it engineers as artists such as painter to draw a twig color comics. Actress statue. Designers, architects, photographers, or etc.
4.Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence
Is the ability to control and show off that idea. The sense organs are used by different parts of the body, including the ability to use hand-fabricated fluency strength,flexibility, speed and delicate sensory sensitivity. For those of you who have this distinctive aspect of wisdom is often athletes or artists, in the branch of student dance performers. The dancers Standard or acrobatic performers Valley students
5.Musical Intelligence
Is the ability to absorb and access the entire musical aesthetic. Awareness and recognition, music, melodies, and rhythm to remember the musical structure and transferred out by Allee music and sing music beat for this distinctive aspect of wisdom is often a musician. Music composer or singer
6.Interpersonal Intelligence
Is the ability to understand other people on both sides feel fancy? The mood and intention that hide inside with a sensitivity to observe the face posture tone canrespond appropriately. Create a simple friendship. Negotiation Reduce conflicts canmotivate others as well as the intelligence that is needed is for everyone. But for those who have this distinctive aspect of intelligence is often it's those students to the counseling offices of direct sales representatives-man public relations staff. Politicians or businessmen.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence
Is the ability to recognize in themselves can be realized as ourselves. Powerful controlappropriately according to time and place and know when you should face. When should avoid When you need assistance, view the image itself as reality to weaknesses or defects of their own. At the same time, they know their own strength so capabilities in any subject.
Has the ability to grasp the mood? The feeling Idea. Expectations. The desire and the identity of the true self is the wisdom that is required in every man, in order to be able to sustain life and happy for those who have this distinctive aspect of intelligence often is. Philosophers or researchers
8.Naturalist Intelligence
Is the ability to recognize and understand the profound nature. Understand the rules of the various natural phenomena and recapture. There is a sensitivity to observe in order to forecast the probability of nature. The ability to distinguish the types of creatures, both plants and animals. For those who are wise, this is often a prom inentgeologists scientists, researchers or students explore nature.
This theory has been widely applied in the process of promoting learning formaximum efficiency by focused on 3 main subjects. Is as follows:
1. each person should be encouraged to use the right-handed side, intelligence is an important tool in learning.
2. to promote learning activities should have a wide variety of formats, with intelligence, with many aspects.
3. for the assessment of learning should be measured from the various tools to be able to cover in each side.
The theory of intelligence plurinational Gardner pointed to a variety of human intellectual who has many more aspects. Each side is free to develop its own, sprout growth. At the same time, they are integrated together. Complement each other. Is a unique human individual's intellectual?
One might even just one or even multiple top-side or side but may not be good neither clearly is that each person is truly wise one side always. No one has all the wisdom which is equal to or does not have the one.
Such as the theory that helped spark of hope. Open a new paradigm in education of human intelligence. Can be applied in both a normal boy group. Children with disabilities and children with special abilities.
Armstrong T. 1994. Multiple intelligence (Online). Available URL: http://www.thomasarmstrong.com/multiple_intelligences.htm
Gardner H. 2005, August 15. Intelligence in seven steps . (Online). Available URL: http://www.newhorizons.org/future/Creating_the_Future/crfut_gardner.html
Christison
Brain- based learning principles and implications for foreign language learning
Educators have accepted that their knowledge about human brains can help them understand how their learners’ brains function and learn. This can provide great advantages to their learners. When it comes to applying brain-based instructions into a classroom, many scholars have proposed various sets of brain-based principles, though some of theirconceptsareverymuchsimilar.Forexample,accordingtoChristison(2002,4), there are seven principles that teachers have to take into their consideration. In regard with teaching, she also proposed various different methods to serve each principle. The proposed principles and activities areas follows:
1.The brain is a parallel processor.
This idea is supported by Gardner’s research(Arnold&Fonseca,2004,
120) revealing that human cognitive ability is pluralistic rather than unitary. The brain can perform many diffe