Over time, there has been a move away from seeing EBPI
as a rational and largely linear process (Dopson et al. 2006;
Stetler et al. 2006; Nutley et al. 2007), and the focus for
implementation researchers has shifted away from studying
individual nurses. Although nurses continue to have a
responsibility to use evidence in practice, researchers are
increasingly considering the conditions under which this
responsibility might be fulfilled, particularly as nurses often
say that they lack the autonomy for EBPI on their own
(Taylor Pilliae 1998; Restas & Nolan 1999; Hutchinson &
Johnston 2004). Most findings suggest that research utilization
and EBPI processes are complex and contingent ona number of organizational and as well as individual factors
(Mulhall&le May 1999; Rycroft-Malone 2008), highlighting
the need for investment at all levels within organizations
and for multiple strategies to guide and support EBPI
(Pearson 2004; Rycroft-Malone 2008; Sredl 2008; Van Patter
Gale & Schaffer 2009).