Several limitations exist within the current study. As with most surveys, the use of self-reported data merit concern, particularly recall bias (Portney & Watkins, 2000). Indeed, respondents may not remember the number of alcoholic beverages they consumed the last time they partied and/or socialized, or may not remember suffering a consequence due to their drinking behavior. The sample was obtained from 16 of the 32 randomly selected classes--represents another concern--response bias. However, the focus of this study was on the student response rate, not the instructor. The participants in the sample closely matched the overall student population, with the exception of the small number of first year students. This may have been due to the time of the year when the study was conducted, students matriculating through their respective programs, and students entering the university with college credits obtained from high school. Regardless, the purpose of this study was not to generalize data, per se, but to assess a theory, which the sample provided an adequate means to accomplish this objective. In addition, a cross-sectional research design was employed for this study, thus causal inferences cannot be made. For example, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors do not always change concurrently, because these variables are constantly fluctuating, this may have possibly affected the results. Also, the items used to assess instrumental attitude, descriptive norm, and perceived control might not have accurately assessed these constructs, which may explain the insignificant values yielded from this study. Finally, a theory cannot be proven or disproven with one study, thus additional studies need to be conducted to further assess the efficacy of the IBM.