(6) Role of Agriculture in the Statistical Master Plan (SMP) and in the National Strategy for Development Statistics (NSDS)
Since the inception of power by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (CLORC) in September 1988, the official policies turned towards the market based, agriculture-led, export-oriented growth along with a prompt promulgation of a series of lawd and initiation of liberal economic reforms including agriculture. The SLORC implemented two hoc plans during the first two years, 1989-90 to 1990-91, in order to achieve the following two short term objectives:
(a) Economic recovery and social stability ; and
(b) Lay firm foundations for achieving a rapid and sustainable growth in the long run.
Among the liberal reform measures undertaken during the first two years, agricultural aspects of the reforms included production reforms, trade and marketing, and institutional reforms, the salient points of which could be summarized as follows. On the production side, farmers are allowed to grow crops of their choice, while the State, co-operatives, and private individual or enterprises are also allowed to claim and utilize fallow and cultivable wasteland up to 20,000 hectare for enhancement of agricultural production. Foreign direct investment is also allowed in agricultural production and other activities as prescribed by the Union of Myanmar Foreign Investment Law (promulgated in 1988). Introduction of new products with emphasis on semi-processed and processed goods in agriculture either individually or collectively by locals or by foreign firms are encouraged with the purpose of diversification of agricultural export which is retained as State monopoly. Domestic procurement, whole saling and retailing, processing, milling, storage, and transportation of all farm products including rice which have all been under the State control until 1988 are now allowed to private, joint-ventures, and co-operatives.
One major area which was not much affected by the reform is the land policy. The policy of State ownership of land remains unchanged. Farmers are given the right to use or Till the land (which occupancy right) which cannot be privately transferred, divided, mortgaged, sold, and or taken over in lieu of loan repayment. Land use right (and occupancy right) are legally inheritable by the children who continue to work the land by themselves. Absentee land ownership is illegal. If the holding is abandoned or confiscated by the State for some reasons, the Land Committees at various levels have the right to trans for the holding to the entitles landless farmers. However, the Government has taken some new initiatives since 1991-92 to compensate this constraint and develop farming activities. A Central Committee for the Management of Cultivable Land, Fallow Land, and Wasteland was formed in 1991. The Committee grants up to 20,000 hectare of land to both local and foreign investors with expertise, technology and capital who desire to invest in agricultural activities initially for 30 years, and extendable if requires. Activities allowed to undertake include farming activities related to plantation, orchards, and seasonal crops and livestock and poultry farming, and aquaculture.
After completing the groundwork to pave the way for carrying out the growth and development activities in long run, a short term Four Years Plan (1992/93-1995/96) was adopted and implemented by designating the first two years as “ Economic Years ’’ and the third years as ’’ Integrated Development Year’’. The main thrust of the short term Four Year Plan objectives are:
(a) To step up production and exports for the achievement of complete economic recovery ; and
(b) To speed up the development of the economy.
Priority has been assigned to the development of primary productive sectors-agri culture, livestock and fishery sectors-while emphasis has also been given to enhance the production of other sectors. The reform measurers undertaken in agriculture for the purpose were already summarized above. The major policy objectives of the SLORC in its Short Term Four Year Plan (1992/93-1995/96) for agricultural sector can be summarized as
(a) To achieve surplus in paddy production for [promotion of] export ;
(b) To achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils in order to save foreign exchange through import-substitution, and
(c) To achieve increased production and export of industrial crops, pulses and other cash crops in order to stabilize domestic economy on the one hand and raise export earning through import savings on the other hand.
When these agricultural development policy objectives are considered in the context of the first of the four national economic objectives which explicitly spelled out the “development of agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of the economy as well’’, the importance attached, priority given, and dedication and determination placed on achieving a sustainable agricultural development become unquestionably clear.
The strategies adopted by the Government since 1988-89 to achieve the policy objectives of agriculture are relatively more explicit, wider in scope and coverage, and diverse and assume multi-dimensional in nature. It seems that the present strategies have well taken into account the flaws and weaknesses of the past strategies, prevailing factor endowment situation of the country, prevalence of different agro- ecological zones (or the nature of agro-ecological diversity of the country), regional disparity in the level of development, and prevalence of structural imbalances in the agriculture sector.
The main goal of agriculture is to accomplish is to accomplish the target of achieving a developed and sustained agricultural output of all products as much as possible at the highest possible speed and rate within the prevailing limitations by employing all possible and available strategies and means.
Such is being the goal, the strategy considered is not a single one but a package of strategies that involved different characteristics and qualities which, when combined, must have the abilities and effectiveness to achieve a sustainable agricultural development. Where and when possible, land will be intensively used to rice yields. Where land intensification is not possible, it well be used extensively to contribute to increased total production. Frequency of crop rotation will be raised with the support of appropriate machines, and water pumps, and to reduce other forms of losses and risks, will be supported by increased use of quality seeds, chemical fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, and improved cultivation practices better arrangements of trade and marketing systems, and so and so forth. All these properties of the ‘strategy package’ can be summarized to include the following five strategies which are officially spelled but by the Government as:
(a) Development of land resources;
(b) Increased provision of irrigation;
(c) Expansion of small scale agricultural mechanization;
(d) Transfer and application of new and improved technologies;
(e) Increase supply of agricultural inputs including quality seeds.
It is obvious therefore that ‘he package of strategies’ is diverse and assumes “comprehensive and applied aspects of the following five strategies:
(a) Intensification Strategy - raising productivity through intensive application of inputs / factors of production;
(b) Extensification Strategy - area expansion;
(c) Diversification Strategy - broadening the base of agriculture in terms of both production and consumption;
(d) Rehabilitation Strategy - land improvement and rural development; and
(e) integration Strategy - improving the co-ordination and co- operation and working together in concerted efforts between various public and private agencies involving in agricultural development.
In view of the wide spectrum and complexity of the components involved in the above strategies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation or any other agency alone is not empowered with a full range of policy instruments or mandate to undertake the whole breadth of such strategies. However, this package of strategies has been in use (or tested) effectively for 4 years now with the introduction of the Short Term Four Year Plan in 1992/93.
Agricultural Statistics in Myanmar covered both national and sub-national (or states and divisions level). Data collected in Myanmar covered all states and divisions, districts, and townships level except some remote areas of Myanmar. However, those areas are included in the statistics as an estimated data.
Economic development of Myanmar depends on the agricultural sector. Reliable agriculture statistics is means to the implementation of the economic objectives of the country and successful achievement of the goals by coordination with related sectors. In Myanmar, crops are grown by farmers to provide the people with food, shelter, clothing and other essential needs. Crops are of two types: food and non food. Agriculture produce covers like – cereals, oilseeds, pulses, spices and condiments, tobacco and betel, beverages, vegetables and fruits, fiber and miscellaneous. Forestry, Fishery and Livestock also belong to the agricultural sector. Agricultural statistics is concerned with weather and rainfall, land use, irrigation, agricultural implements, draught bulls and bullocks, farm machinery, fertilizers and pesticides etc.
Agricultural Statistics for the public sector is valid and reliable. So too, for the cooperative sector. Privatization following the adoption of the market oriented economic system; the quality of data for the private sector suffers from incomplete coverage. Since a large majority of farming was done by the private sector, it is difficult to get reliable data over vast stretches of cultivated land in time. Coordination
(6) Role of Agriculture in the Statistical Master Plan (SMP) and in the National Strategy for Development Statistics (NSDS)
Since the inception of power by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (CLORC) in September 1988, the official policies turned towards the market based, agriculture-led, export-oriented growth along with a prompt promulgation of a series of lawd and initiation of liberal economic reforms including agriculture. The SLORC implemented two hoc plans during the first two years, 1989-90 to 1990-91, in order to achieve the following two short term objectives:
(a) Economic recovery and social stability ; and
(b) Lay firm foundations for achieving a rapid and sustainable growth in the long run.
Among the liberal reform measures undertaken during the first two years, agricultural aspects of the reforms included production reforms, trade and marketing, and institutional reforms, the salient points of which could be summarized as follows. On the production side, farmers are allowed to grow crops of their choice, while the State, co-operatives, and private individual or enterprises are also allowed to claim and utilize fallow and cultivable wasteland up to 20,000 hectare for enhancement of agricultural production. Foreign direct investment is also allowed in agricultural production and other activities as prescribed by the Union of Myanmar Foreign Investment Law (promulgated in 1988). Introduction of new products with emphasis on semi-processed and processed goods in agriculture either individually or collectively by locals or by foreign firms are encouraged with the purpose of diversification of agricultural export which is retained as State monopoly. Domestic procurement, whole saling and retailing, processing, milling, storage, and transportation of all farm products including rice which have all been under the State control until 1988 are now allowed to private, joint-ventures, and co-operatives.
One major area which was not much affected by the reform is the land policy. The policy of State ownership of land remains unchanged. Farmers are given the right to use or Till the land (which occupancy right) which cannot be privately transferred, divided, mortgaged, sold, and or taken over in lieu of loan repayment. Land use right (and occupancy right) are legally inheritable by the children who continue to work the land by themselves. Absentee land ownership is illegal. If the holding is abandoned or confiscated by the State for some reasons, the Land Committees at various levels have the right to trans for the holding to the entitles landless farmers. However, the Government has taken some new initiatives since 1991-92 to compensate this constraint and develop farming activities. A Central Committee for the Management of Cultivable Land, Fallow Land, and Wasteland was formed in 1991. The Committee grants up to 20,000 hectare of land to both local and foreign investors with expertise, technology and capital who desire to invest in agricultural activities initially for 30 years, and extendable if requires. Activities allowed to undertake include farming activities related to plantation, orchards, and seasonal crops and livestock and poultry farming, and aquaculture.
After completing the groundwork to pave the way for carrying out the growth and development activities in long run, a short term Four Years Plan (1992/93-1995/96) was adopted and implemented by designating the first two years as “ Economic Years ’’ and the third years as ’’ Integrated Development Year’’. The main thrust of the short term Four Year Plan objectives are:
(a) To step up production and exports for the achievement of complete economic recovery ; and
(b) To speed up the development of the economy.
Priority has been assigned to the development of primary productive sectors-agri culture, livestock and fishery sectors-while emphasis has also been given to enhance the production of other sectors. The reform measurers undertaken in agriculture for the purpose were already summarized above. The major policy objectives of the SLORC in its Short Term Four Year Plan (1992/93-1995/96) for agricultural sector can be summarized as
(a) To achieve surplus in paddy production for [promotion of] export ;
(b) To achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils in order to save foreign exchange through import-substitution, and
(c) To achieve increased production and export of industrial crops, pulses and other cash crops in order to stabilize domestic economy on the one hand and raise export earning through import savings on the other hand.
When these agricultural development policy objectives are considered in the context of the first of the four national economic objectives which explicitly spelled out the “development of agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of the economy as well’’, the importance attached, priority given, and dedication and determination placed on achieving a sustainable agricultural development become unquestionably clear.
The strategies adopted by the Government since 1988-89 to achieve the policy objectives of agriculture are relatively more explicit, wider in scope and coverage, and diverse and assume multi-dimensional in nature. It seems that the present strategies have well taken into account the flaws and weaknesses of the past strategies, prevailing factor endowment situation of the country, prevalence of different agro- ecological zones (or the nature of agro-ecological diversity of the country), regional disparity in the level of development, and prevalence of structural imbalances in the agriculture sector.
The main goal of agriculture is to accomplish is to accomplish the target of achieving a developed and sustained agricultural output of all products as much as possible at the highest possible speed and rate within the prevailing limitations by employing all possible and available strategies and means.
Such is being the goal, the strategy considered is not a single one but a package of strategies that involved different characteristics and qualities which, when combined, must have the abilities and effectiveness to achieve a sustainable agricultural development. Where and when possible, land will be intensively used to rice yields. Where land intensification is not possible, it well be used extensively to contribute to increased total production. Frequency of crop rotation will be raised with the support of appropriate machines, and water pumps, and to reduce other forms of losses and risks, will be supported by increased use of quality seeds, chemical fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, and improved cultivation practices better arrangements of trade and marketing systems, and so and so forth. All these properties of the ‘strategy package’ can be summarized to include the following five strategies which are officially spelled but by the Government as:
(a) Development of land resources;
(b) Increased provision of irrigation;
(c) Expansion of small scale agricultural mechanization;
(d) Transfer and application of new and improved technologies;
(e) Increase supply of agricultural inputs including quality seeds.
It is obvious therefore that ‘he package of strategies’ is diverse and assumes “comprehensive and applied aspects of the following five strategies:
(a) Intensification Strategy - raising productivity through intensive application of inputs / factors of production;
(b) Extensification Strategy - area expansion;
(c) Diversification Strategy - broadening the base of agriculture in terms of both production and consumption;
(d) Rehabilitation Strategy - land improvement and rural development; and
(e) integration Strategy - improving the co-ordination and co- operation and working together in concerted efforts between various public and private agencies involving in agricultural development.
In view of the wide spectrum and complexity of the components involved in the above strategies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation or any other agency alone is not empowered with a full range of policy instruments or mandate to undertake the whole breadth of such strategies. However, this package of strategies has been in use (or tested) effectively for 4 years now with the introduction of the Short Term Four Year Plan in 1992/93.
Agricultural Statistics in Myanmar covered both national and sub-national (or states and divisions level). Data collected in Myanmar covered all states and divisions, districts, and townships level except some remote areas of Myanmar. However, those areas are included in the statistics as an estimated data.
Economic development of Myanmar depends on the agricultural sector. Reliable agriculture statistics is means to the implementation of the economic objectives of the country and successful achievement of the goals by coordination with related sectors. In Myanmar, crops are grown by farmers to provide the people with food, shelter, clothing and other essential needs. Crops are of two types: food and non food. Agriculture produce covers like – cereals, oilseeds, pulses, spices and condiments, tobacco and betel, beverages, vegetables and fruits, fiber and miscellaneous. Forestry, Fishery and Livestock also belong to the agricultural sector. Agricultural statistics is concerned with weather and rainfall, land use, irrigation, agricultural implements, draught bulls and bullocks, farm machinery, fertilizers and pesticides etc.
Agricultural Statistics for the public sector is valid and reliable. So too, for the cooperative sector. Privatization following the adoption of the market oriented economic system; the quality of data for the private sector suffers from incomplete coverage. Since a large majority of farming was done by the private sector, it is difficult to get reliable data over vast stretches of cultivated land in time. Coordination
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