Psychological “Risk Factors” of Obesity
The etiological basis of eating disorders and obesity usually lies in some combination of psychosocial, environmental, and genetic or biological attributes. Individuals who suffer from psychological disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety, and eating disorders) may have more difficulty controlling their consumption of food, exercising an adequate amount, and maintaining a healthy weight.
Food is often used as a coping mechanism by those with weight problems, particularly when they are sad, anxious, stressed, lonely, and frustrated. In many obese individuals there appears to be a perpetual cycle of mood disturbance, overeating, and weight gain. When they feel distressed, they turn to food to help cope, and though such comfort eating may result in temporary attenuation of their distressed mood, the weight gain that results may cause a dysphoric mood due to their inability to control their stress. The resulting guilt may reactivate the cycle, leading to a continuous pattern of using food to cope with emotions. This pattern is particularly applicable if there is a genetic predisposition for obesity or a “toxic” environment in which calorically dense foods are readily available and physical activity is limited. Unfortunately, these circumstances are common in America.
In addition to depression and anxiety, other risk factors include problematic eating behaviors such as “mindless eating,” frequent snacking on high calories foods, overeating, and night eating[1] Binge eating disorder (BED) is currently included in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)[2] and is characterized by: recurrent episodes of eating during a discrete period of time (at least 2 days a week over a 6 month period); eating quantities of food that are larger than most people would eat during a similar amount of time; a sense of lack of control during the episodes; and guilt or distress following the episodes. BED is estimated to occur in approximately 2% of the general population and between 10% and 25% of the bariatric population.[3] An important differentiation between BED and bulimia/anorexia is that BED is not associated with any regular compensatory behaviors, such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise, [2] so the majority of individuals with BED are overweight.
Night eating is another disorder that can lead to significant weight gain, though night eating syndrome (NES) is not currently recognized as a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR. First identified in 1955, NES is characterized by excessive nighttime consumption (> 35% of daily calories after the evening meal), unhealthy eating patterns, “morning anorexia,” insomnia, and distress.4 NES occurs in approximately 1% of the general population and an estimated 5-20% of the bariatric population. [3] More recently, NES has been viewed as a disorder of circadian rhythm that includes a delay of appetite in the mornings and the continuation of appetite and overeating into the night.
จิตใจ "ปัจจัยเสี่ยง" ของโรคอ้วนพื้นฐาน etiological eating โรคและโรคอ้วนมักจะอยู่ในแอตทริบิวต์ psychosocial สิ่งแวด ล้อม และพันธุกรรม หรือทางชีวภาพบาง บุคคลที่ทุกข์ทรมานจากโรคทางจิตใจ (เช่นภาวะซึมเศร้า วิตกกังวล และโรค eating) อาจมีปัญหาการควบคุมการบริโภคอาหาร ออกกำลังกายจำนวนเพียงพอ และการรักษาน้ำหนักสุขภาพอาหารมักใช้เป็นกลไกรับมือ โดยผู้ที่มีปัญหาน้ำหนัก โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งเมื่อพวกเขากำลังเศร้า กังวล เครียด โดดเดี่ยว และผิดหวัง ในคนที่อ้วนมาก ปรากฏ เป็นอารมณ์รบกวน overeating วงจรถาวร และน้ำหนัก เมื่อพวกเขารู้สึกเป็นทุกข์ จะเปลี่ยนอาหารเพื่อช่วยรับมือ และว่ากินดังกล่าวจึงอาจส่งผลอ่อนชั่วคราวของอารมณ์เป็นทุกข์ของพวกเขา น้ำหนักที่เป็นผลลัพธ์อาจทำให้เกิดอารมณ์ dysphoric เนื่องจากไม่สามารถควบคุมความเครียดของพวกเขา ความผิดที่เป็นผลลัพธ์อาจเปิดรอบ นำไปสู่รูปแบบอย่างต่อเนื่องของการใช้อาหารเพื่อรับมือกับอารมณ์ ลวดลายนี้เกี่ยวข้องโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งถ้ามี predisposition พันธุกรรมสำหรับโรคอ้วนหรือสภาพแวดล้อม "พิษ" ที่หนาแน่น calorically อาหารมีพร้อม และกิจกรรมทางกายภาพถูกจำกัดได้ อับ สถานการณ์เหล่านี้ใช้กันทั่วไปในอเมริกาIn addition to depression and anxiety, other risk factors include problematic eating behaviors such as “mindless eating,” frequent snacking on high calories foods, overeating, and night eating[1] Binge eating disorder (BED) is currently included in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)[2] and is characterized by: recurrent episodes of eating during a discrete period of time (at least 2 days a week over a 6 month period); eating quantities of food that are larger than most people would eat during a similar amount of time; a sense of lack of control during the episodes; and guilt or distress following the episodes. BED is estimated to occur in approximately 2% of the general population and between 10% and 25% of the bariatric population.[3] An important differentiation between BED and bulimia/anorexia is that BED is not associated with any regular compensatory behaviors, such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise, [2] so the majority of individuals with BED are overweight.Night eating is another disorder that can lead to significant weight gain, though night eating syndrome (NES) is not currently recognized as a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR. First identified in 1955, NES is characterized by excessive nighttime consumption (> 35% of daily calories after the evening meal), unhealthy eating patterns, “morning anorexia,” insomnia, and distress.4 NES occurs in approximately 1% of the general population and an estimated 5-20% of the bariatric population. [3] More recently, NES has been viewed as a disorder of circadian rhythm that includes a delay of appetite in the mornings and the continuation of appetite and overeating into the night.
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