Materials.All chemicals including cadmium sulfate, cadmium chloride,
a-tocopherol succinate (vitamin E), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma. Lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay was performed using the TOX-7
cytotoxicity kit (Sigma). Cadmium sulfate was dissolved in water at
a concentration of 100mM and was diluted in media (forin vitro studies) or
PBS (forin vivo studies) to reach the indicated concentration.