Downed woody debris, dead wood laying on the forest floor, was measured using the planar intersect technique, which involves counting the number of intersections of debris pieces along a transect (Van Wagner, 1968; Brown, 1971). Four 12 m long transects were established in each subplot. Downed, dead, wood material was classified into four size classes based on diameter: fine (0–0.6 cm), small (0.6–2.5 cm), medium (2.5–7.6 cm), and large (>7.6 cm). In each of the three smaller size classes, the number of transect intersections was tallied along a designated portion of the transect. The individual diameter and state of decay (solid or rotten) were recorded for each large wood piece (>7.6 cm) along the full length of the transect.