7. The paper by Shiferaw and his coauthors which was distributed in class on Thursday Oct 13 provides necessary details for which valuation can actually be put into practice. In the paper, the authors introduce different sets of characteristic of ecosystems: starting from production to environmental control role. The authors also differentiate benefit based on the distant (for example, tree growing at the top of the hill helps reduce the magnitude of soil erosion. Therefore, dam downstream benefits from conservation by hill-tribers upstream and these two types of benefit can be referred to as “off-site” (downstream) and “on-site” benefit (when damage soil nutrients are no longer washed out when soil conservation is undertaken).