Method
4.1 Samples
To test the hypotheses, we selected a JV and an SOE in the manufacturing sector in Guangdong, which is a southern province of the People's Republic of China.The two organizations were chosen carefully so hat they were representative of JVs and Soes in the region. They are in the same industry and have a similar organization size and background. To make the to samples more comparable, we only selected factory workers, including production-line workers, clerks, technicians,foremen, and production supervisors. The JV sample for this study consisted of 295 employees and their 99 immediate supervisors and the SOE sample was composed of 253 employees and their 86 immediate supervisors. On average, each supervisor (Production manager, production officer, or production supervisor) rated three subordinates.