Heat damage - Bulk & General cargo
The Club has experienced several claims of cargo damage caused by heating of bunker fuel in bunker tanks adjacent to cargo holds. The types of vessel most at risk are bulk carriers. It is important to know that in specific conditions cargo can suffer heat damage at temperatures as low as 40-50°C. Furthermore, cargo loaded in the most aft cargo hold might be exposed to excessive heat if service and settling tanks are adjacent to the cargo hold as these tanks will reach temperatures of about 90°C. If sensitive cargo is loaded in the aft cargo hold the crew must plan so the cargo does not suffer heat damage. Bunker fuel can also be stored in the double bottom tanks beneath the cargo hold, and this will radiate heat to the tank top. A warm tank top or bulkhead surface might cause the cargo to become discoloured, caked, carbonised, mouldy and at worst, even to self-ignite. Other factors that will contribute to the damage include the moisture content of the cargo at loading port, ventilation of cargo hold during the voyage and condensation due to external temperature. Some cargoes, which are sensitive to heat include soybean, maize, wheat and sunflower seeds. Note that soybeans can be damaged at temperatures as low as 40°C. The best prevention is to have procedures in place controlling how bunker tanks should be heated. Crews need to know at what temperature cargo becomes damaged and to keep detailed records of what has been carried out during loading, sailing and discharge. It is important to prove that best practices have been followed. If best practices have been followed then it is probable that the cargo was not in a proper condition when it was loaded and it is unlikely that heating the bunker caused the damage. The better and more detailed the records are then the easier it is to determine the cause of the damage.
First case study
The bulk carrier had loaded wheat and during discharge it was found that some of the cargo was damaged in cargo holds 2 and 3. The cargo receiver claimed that the cargo was heat damaged. The top layer of the cargo was in the proper condition in both cargo holds. During the voyage heavy fuel oil tanks had been heated. Some of the cargo by the aft bulkhead of cargo hold 2 had been discoloured and there was also a burning smell. Behind this bulkhead were heavy fuel oil tanks. In cargo hold 3 there was some damaged cargo in the aft part. The settlings tanks were adjacent to the cargo hold bulkhead. There was no cofferdam between the service/settling tanks and cargo hold. These tanks were heated in excess of 80°C.
Second case study
The bulk carrier had loaded wheat and at time of discharge the top layer of the cargo was found to be in good condition. However, cargo at the aft bulkhead, adjacent to the engine room was damaged. The damaged cargo was dry and caked. It could not be established what the exact temperature of the bunker fuel had been.
Third case study
The bulk carrier had loaded sunflower seed meal, with burned cargo found by the aft bulkhead adjacent to the engine room during discharge. Subsequently, heavy fuel oil tanks in the engine room were in direct contact with the aft bulkhead. The surveyor was unable to find records showing what temperatures the heavy fuel oil had been heated to.
Fourth case study
The bulk carrier had loaded soybean meal. Loading had been interrupted several times due to rain. On completion of loading the cargo was fumigated. During the voyage the vessel had experienced some heavy weather. Upon discharge mouldy cargo was found in the top layer. Furthermore, some heat damaged cargo was found by the aft cargo hold bulkhead, adjacent to a heavy fuel oil tank. During the voyage this tank was heated to 60°C.
ความเสียหาย - สินค้าทั่วไปสินค้าเทกอง The Club has experienced several claims of cargo damage caused by heating of bunker fuel in bunker tanks adjacent to cargo holds. The types of vessel most at risk are bulk carriers. It is important to know that in specific conditions cargo can suffer heat damage at temperatures as low as 40-50°C. Furthermore, cargo loaded in the most aft cargo hold might be exposed to excessive heat if service and settling tanks are adjacent to the cargo hold as these tanks will reach temperatures of about 90°C. If sensitive cargo is loaded in the aft cargo hold the crew must plan so the cargo does not suffer heat damage. Bunker fuel can also be stored in the double bottom tanks beneath the cargo hold, and this will radiate heat to the tank top. A warm tank top or bulkhead surface might cause the cargo to become discoloured, caked, carbonised, mouldy and at worst, even to self-ignite. Other factors that will contribute to the damage include the moisture content of the cargo at loading port, ventilation of cargo hold during the voyage and condensation due to external temperature. Some cargoes, which are sensitive to heat include soybean, maize, wheat and sunflower seeds. Note that soybeans can be damaged at temperatures as low as 40°C. The best prevention is to have procedures in place controlling how bunker tanks should be heated. Crews need to know at what temperature cargo becomes damaged and to keep detailed records of what has been carried out during loading, sailing and discharge. It is important to prove that best practices have been followed. If best practices have been followed then it is probable that the cargo was not in a proper condition when it was loaded and it is unlikely that heating the bunker caused the damage. The better and more detailed the records are then the easier it is to determine the cause of the damage.กรณีศึกษาแรกสายการบินจำนวนมากมีโหลดข้าวสาลี และระหว่างปล่อยพบ ว่า บางส่วนของสินค้าเสียหายในการขนส่งสินค้ามี 2 และ 3 ผู้รับขนส่งสินค้าอ้างว่า สินค้าเป็นความร้อนที่เสียหาย ชั้นบนสุดของการขนส่งสินค้าในสภาพที่เหมาะสมในทั้งสองเก็บสินค้าได้ ระหว่างการเดิน มีการอุ่นถังน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงหนัก บางส่วนของสินค้าทางกั้นท้ายสินค้าค้าง 2 มีแล้วสีไม่ถูกต้อง และมีกลิ่นเผาไหม้ หลังกั้นนี้ถูกถังน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงหนัก ในเก็บ 3 มีบางหายสินค้าในส่วนท้าย ถังตั้งค่าถูกติดกับกั้นระงับการขนส่งสินค้า ไม่ cofferdam ระหว่างถังบริการชำระและเก็บได้ รถถังเหล่านี้ถูกทำให้ร้อนเกิน 80 องศาเซลเซียสสองกรณีศึกษาสายการบินจำนวนมากมีโหลดข้าวสาลี และเวลาของการปล่อย ชั้นบนของสินค้าพบว่ามีสภาพดี อย่างไรก็ตาม ขนส่งสินค้าที่กั้นท้าย อยู่ติดกับห้องเครื่องยนต์เสียหาย การขนส่งสินค้าที่เสียหายถูก caked และแห้ง มันไม่สามารถสร้างอุณหภูมิที่แน่นอนของน้ำมันเตาที่เคยสามกรณีศึกษาสายการบินจำนวนมากมีโหลดรับประทานเมล็ดทานตะวัน พร้อมเขียนพบ โดยกั้นท้ายที่ติดกับห้องเครื่องยนต์ในระหว่างการปล่อยสินค้า ต่อมา ถังน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงหนักในห้องเครื่องยนต์ได้ติดต่อโดยตรงกับกั้นท้าย การสำรวจไม่สามารถค้นหาระเบียนที่แสดงว่าอุณหภูมิน้ำมันเตาได้รับความร้อนจะFourth case studyThe bulk carrier had loaded soybean meal. Loading had been interrupted several times due to rain. On completion of loading the cargo was fumigated. During the voyage the vessel had experienced some heavy weather. Upon discharge mouldy cargo was found in the top layer. Furthermore, some heat damaged cargo was found by the aft cargo hold bulkhead, adjacent to a heavy fuel oil tank. During the voyage this tank was heated to 60°C.
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