The concept of ba seemingly has some similarities to the
concept of `communities of practice'.23 Based on the apprenticeship
model, the concept of communities of practice argues
that members of a community learn through participating in
the community of practice and gradually memorising jobs.
However, there are important differences between the concepts
of communities of practice and ba. While a community of
practice is a living place where the members learn knowledge
that is embedded in the community, ba is a living place where
new knowledge is created. While learning occurs in any community
of practice, ba needs energy to become an active ba
where knowledge is created. The boundary of a community of
practice is ®rmly set by the task, culture and history of the
community. Consistency and continuity are important for a
community of practice, as it needs an identity. In contrast, the
boundary of ba is ¯uid and can be changed quickly as it is set
by the participants. Instead of being constrained by history, ba
has a `here and now' quality. It is constantly moving; it is created,
functions and disappears according to need. Ba constantly
changes, as the contexts of participants or the membership of
The concept of ba seemingly has some similarities to theconcept of `communities of practice'.23 Based on the apprenticeshipmodel, the concept of communities of practice arguesthat members of a community learn through participating inthe community of practice and gradually memorising jobs.However, there are important differences between the conceptsof communities of practice and ba. While a community ofpractice is a living place where the members learn knowledgethat is embedded in the community, ba is a living place wherenew knowledge is created. While learning occurs in any communityof practice, ba needs energy to become an active bawhere knowledge is created. The boundary of a community ofpractice is ®rmly set by the task, culture and history of thecommunity. Consistency and continuity are important for acommunity of practice, as it needs an identity. In contrast, theboundary of ba is ¯uid and can be changed quickly as it is setby the participants. Instead of being constrained by history, bahas a `here and now' quality. It is constantly moving; it is created,functions and disappears according to need. Ba constantlychanges, as the contexts of participants or the membership of
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