Shojania and Grimshaw18 summarized the general medical literature on quality improvement efforts with 4 conclusions: First, the standard approach of passive diffusion of research (ie, publication of research findings in professional journals), including dissemination of findings on effective interventions, has little or no impact on routine practice. Second, more complex efforts to synthesize research evidence in the form of systematic reviews and disseminated guidelines also have little or no effect on practice. Third, adopting total quality management/continuous quality improvement techniques from industry has produced modest but disappointing results. Quality improvement, popularized by Deming,19 is a process that focuses on training, education, and using data to enhance the performance of an organization.20,21 In mental health treatment settings, quality improvement has taken the form of field-based supervision and systematic review of patient outcomes.22–24 Fourth, current attempts at complete systems reengineering using information technology have produced mixed results, including many prominent successes, which need to be understood in greater detail, as discussed below.