Generally, it is agreed that studies with properly
developed reliable and valid instruments such as
those used in this study are more resistant to CMV
(Spector, 1987). Third, the adaptation of a selfreported
questionnaire for data collection is open
to potential response bias or social desirability bias
(Paulhus, 1991). Social desirability is the tendency
to over-report socially desirable attitudes and
behaviors and under-report those that are socially
undesirable (Krosnick, 1999).