Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is main cause of end-stage renal
disease (ESRD) and affects 25%e40% of diabetic patients with a
higher rate in peoples with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1]. Various factors
and pathways have been implicated in the development and progression
of DN such as poor glycaemic control, dyslipidemia and
hypertension, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products
(AGEs), protein kinase C activation, the polyol pathway,
inflammation and oxidative stress [2]. DN is closely associated with
macrovascular complications and a high incidence of cardiovascular
(CV) morbidity and mortality [3].