2.1. Learning by native English speakers
Some examples of research work that involves “learning” in
safety training include the following. Han et al. (2008) state that
low skill levels, inadequate technical knowledge, and a steep
learning curve are the factors that affect the safety performance
of construction workers in a negative manner. Porteous (1997)
states that safety knowledge, skills and abilities could be
improved by well-generated learning theories. The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration specifically requires
that safety proficiency be evaluated and documented by the use
of a written assessment and a skill demonstration to evaluate
the knowledge and individual skills developed in the course of
training (OSHA, 2012). Kirkpatrick (1998) suggests that the
effectiveness of learning could be tested by observing the
differences between a control group that does not receive
training and a trained group. Furnham (2005) argues that
individuals learn best when they encounter an obstacle or an