Although much focus is on the local scale, adaptive co-
management is a
fl
exible system for environment and resource
management that operates across multiple levels and with a range
of local and non-local organisations. Many of the ideas and prac-
tises emerge from the
fi
eld of common property (
commons
) and its
implications for collaborative management (
Ostrom, 2005
),
addressing issues such as (
Armitage et al., 2007
):