Large-scale disasters invariably result in great destruction of the built environment and loss of life. Hurricanes destroy homes and transportation systems, down power lines, and cause severe flooding close to the coastline. Earthquakes also damage structures, power lines, roads, and bridges, especially close to the epicenter. Terrorist attacks may result in fires that compromise the structural integrity of buildings, leading to collapse. Large-scale disasters may also initiate other equally deadly disasters; for example, Hurricane Irene touched off tornadoes that caused severe damage, and the 2001 terrorist attacks caused an extreme fire that had catastrophic consequences.
Large-scale disasters thus subject the built environment to multiple hazards, each of which has to be identified so that it can be adequately addressed in planning and design. These hazards are known to occur with different frequencies, and the natural tendency is to design for the hazards that occur more frequently and ignore the others. In Haiti, for example, hurricanes occur more frequently than earthquakes, and the common practice has been to neglect earthquake-resistant design. The way forward will be to use statistical methods to evaluate the multiple hazards involved in large-scale disasters and to find cost-effective ways of mitigating these hazards when planning, designing, and building structures. Some of the lessons learned from how the built environment has reacted to large-scale disasters have been incorporated into building codes and construction specifications so that future structures may fare better. The challenge for engineers is to evaluate the impact multiple hazards will have on planned structures and engineer them to withstand the hazards.
In addition to postdisaster reports, the ASCE (2012) Report Card for America’s Infrastructure has highlighted the urgent need to address the nation’s aging infrastructure, which is at increasing risk from large-scale disasters. In 2009, the Report Card awarded a grade of D (poor) to the state of the nation’s infrastructure. To prepare for the future, ASCE offered five solutions to meet the challenges:
1. Increase federal leadership in infrastructure to address the crisis;
2. Promote sustainability and resilience in infrastructure to protect the natural environment and withstand natural and human-made hazards;
3. Develop federal, regional, and state infrastructure plans that complement a national vision and focus on system wide users;
4. Address life-cycle costs and ongoing maintenance to meet the needs of current and future users; and
5. Increase and improve infrastructure investment by all stakeholders.
ภัยพิบัติขนาดใหญ่เกิดผลในการทำลายสภาพแวดล้อมที่สร้างขึ้นมากและเสียชีวิต พายุทำลายบ้านและระบบการขนส่ง ลงสายไฟฟ้า และทำให้เกิดน้ำท่วมรุนแรงใกล้กับชายฝั่ง เกิดแผ่นดินไหวทำลายโครงสร้าง สายไฟฟ้า ถนน สะพาน โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งใกล้กับจุดศูนย์กลาง และ การโจมตีอาจทำไฟที่ประนีประนอมความสมบูรณ์ของโครงสร้างอาคาร การนำไปสู่ยุบ ภัยพิบัติขนาดใหญ่ยังอาจเริ่มภัยพิบัติอื่น ๆ เท่าเทียมกันมรณะ ตัวอย่าง พายุเฮอริเคนไอรีนสัมผัสปิด tornadoes ที่เกิดความเสียหายรุนแรง และการโจมตีก่อการร้ายในปี 2001 เกิดไฟมีมากที่มีผลกระทบรุนแรงLarge-scale disasters thus subject the built environment to multiple hazards, each of which has to be identified so that it can be adequately addressed in planning and design. These hazards are known to occur with different frequencies, and the natural tendency is to design for the hazards that occur more frequently and ignore the others. In Haiti, for example, hurricanes occur more frequently than earthquakes, and the common practice has been to neglect earthquake-resistant design. The way forward will be to use statistical methods to evaluate the multiple hazards involved in large-scale disasters and to find cost-effective ways of mitigating these hazards when planning, designing, and building structures. Some of the lessons learned from how the built environment has reacted to large-scale disasters have been incorporated into building codes and construction specifications so that future structures may fare better. The challenge for engineers is to evaluate the impact multiple hazards will have on planned structures and engineer them to withstand the hazards.In addition to postdisaster reports, the ASCE (2012) Report Card for America’s Infrastructure has highlighted the urgent need to address the nation’s aging infrastructure, which is at increasing risk from large-scale disasters. In 2009, the Report Card awarded a grade of D (poor) to the state of the nation’s infrastructure. To prepare for the future, ASCE offered five solutions to meet the challenges:1. Increase federal leadership in infrastructure to address the crisis;2. Promote sustainability and resilience in infrastructure to protect the natural environment and withstand natural and human-made hazards;3. Develop federal, regional, and state infrastructure plans that complement a national vision and focus on system wide users;4. Address life-cycle costs and ongoing maintenance to meet the needs of current and future users; and5. Increase and improve infrastructure investment by all stakeholders.
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