In the late 1980s, early 1990s, Tocache province was one of the biggest connected coca production areas in the world. Drug mafia and guerrilla cooperated to force the population to follow their rules. After the drug mafia had moved to Columbia and the guerrilla movement had been stopped to a large extent in the mid 1990s, the drug production col-
lapsed. Instability, insecurity as well as social and economic disintegra-tion still continued. In this setting, starting in 2002, the project aimed to strengthen social cohesion, legalize and secure the incomes of small farmers and to reduce their dependency from coca production. Until 2007, the majority of the farmers had received an economic and social
perspective to overcome past political and criminal violence. The pro-ject successfully supported the development of productive (agricultural)
income generation outside coca production in an integrated way.