Because research indicates a possible association be- tween low vitamin D and ALRI in children younger than 5 years old, maintaining both maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and the infants' own vitamin D levels might be protective against ALRI. The IOM and AAP have made recommendations regarding vitamin D intake. For pregnant and lactating women, a daily intake of 600 IU vitamin D per day is recommen- ded IOM, 2011). Most prenatal vitamins contain 400 IU vitamin D.