2.2.2 Lagged correlation
Lagged relationships are characteristic of many natural physical systems. Lagged correlation refers to the correlation between two time series shifted in time relative to one another. Lagged correlation is important in studying the relationship between time series for two reasons. First, one series may have a delayed response to the other series, or perhaps a delayed response to a common stimulus that affects both series. Second, the response of one series to the other series or an outside stimulus may be “smeared” in time, such that a stimulus restricted to one observation elicits a response at multiple observations. For example, because of storage in reservoirs, glaciers, etc., the volume discharge of a river in one year may depend on precipitation in the several preceding years. Useful functions we will examine as alternative to the simple correlation coefficient are the cross-correlation function and the impulse response function.
Cross-correlation function
The cross-correlation function (ccf) of two time series is the product-moment correlation as a function of lag, or time-offset, between the series. It is helpful to begin defining the ccf with a definition of the cross-covariance function (ccvf). Consider pairs of observations on two time series, and . Following Chatfield (2004, p. 158), the sample ccvf is given by
2.2.2 Lagged correlationLagged relationships are characteristic of many natural physical systems. Lagged correlation refers to the correlation between two time series shifted in time relative to one another. Lagged correlation is important in studying the relationship between time series for two reasons. First, one series may have a delayed response to the other series, or perhaps a delayed response to a common stimulus that affects both series. Second, the response of one series to the other series or an outside stimulus may be “smeared” in time, such that a stimulus restricted to one observation elicits a response at multiple observations. For example, because of storage in reservoirs, glaciers, etc., the volume discharge of a river in one year may depend on precipitation in the several preceding years. Useful functions we will examine as alternative to the simple correlation coefficient are the cross-correlation function and the impulse response function.Cross-correlation functionThe cross-correlation function (ccf) of two time series is the product-moment correlation as a function of lag, or time-offset, between the series. It is helpful to begin defining the ccf with a definition of the cross-covariance function (ccvf). Consider pairs of observations on two time series, and . Following Chatfield (2004, p. 158), the sample ccvf is given by
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