heuristic devices, valuable as aids to understand complex social phenomena. In applying Riggs’ models to particular societies, the problem of measurement comes. In the absence of a measuring scale, the identification of prismatic or diffracted societies becomes very difficult. As the reader carefully follows Riggs’ analysis, there may be a tendency for him to associate prismatic conditions with every situation he knows. Similarly, Daya Krishna saya, when the fused and diffracted societies are