Because young generations tend to leave the village and seek
other types of employment in nearby cities, old people may be
more dependent on the forest and may then be more interested in
community participation than young people. Thus, the sign of the
age of household's head (age) is an important factor and expected
to be positive (see, e.g., Maskey et al., 2006). In addition, the income
and occupation of the respondents may also influence the motivation of community participation of households. Typically,
low income is a common characteristic of forest farmers, meaning
that they tend to access the forest more intensively in order to fulfill
their daily needs such as food, firewood, and fodder (Sunderlin,
2006). These forms of access enable them to earn direct benefits
and keep their income. That is, people with high incomes and nonfarm
jobs outside the rice field or forest may be less dependent on
the forest. Thus, the signs of household's income (inc) and the
occupation of household's head as a farmer (occ) are expected to be
negative and positive, respectively