We also learned many new things about interventions to mitigate the effect of low health literacy. First, we identified several design features of interventions that were effective in one or a few studies ; they all warrant further study in broader populations. Second, interventions focused on a broader range of outcomes, allowing us to make inferences about effect across outcomes. Preliminary examination of these studies suggests that effective interventions to mitigate the effects of low health literacy may work by increasing knowledge and self-efficacy or by changing behavior. Additionally, certain factors appear to be key in making the interventions effective with respect to distal outcomes (e.g., self-management, hospitalizations, mortality); these include high intensity, theory basis, pilot testing before full implementation, emphasis on skill building, and delivery of the intervention by a health professional (e.g., pharmacist, diabetes educator).