P: Decisions are made based on non-mathematical beliefs.
U1: At the unistructural level in the first cycle there is the recognition that the outcome of a physical action such as rolling a die is uncertain. This is not seen as equal likelihood or quantified but seems to be based on concrete experiences rather than beliefs or feelings alone.
M1: At the multistructural level in the first cycle, the simple uncertainty of the U1 level becomes qualified in some way; in some contexts a rudimentary numerical comparison may occur.
R1: At the relational level in the first cycle, a correct quantification of outcomes (chance) is achieved in a straightforward setting, and a relationship established in a more complex setting.
U2: At the unistructural level in the second cycle, consolidation occurs and in a more complex setting, responses offer single constructs without further justification; any potential conflict is not recognized.