As indicated above, most transport efficiency decisions depend on or are affected by other stakeholders than the road haulier. In order for these measures to be implemented properly and to reap the benefits of energy efficiency and cost reduction, co-operation between the actors within and outside the supply chain is in focus. Therefore, the transport efficiency measures are divided into three main groups. These are internal transport efficiency measures (to the
haulier), joint transport efficiency measures with the customers (the forwarder or the shippers) and joint transport efficiency measures with the public sector. These measures are neither mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive, but are instead an attempt to encompass some of the literature within transport efficiency and logistics areas where the effects on transport efficiency may be increased or decreased. These three groups of transport efficiency measures are discussed below.